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一部由“丝绸之路”串起的世界史

2017-08-25 08:46:31   中国青年网

当下,“丝绸之路”引起越来越多学者的重视与探究。“丝绸之路”不仅仅是商品贸易交流之路,它包罗万象,两千年来,“丝绸之路”始终主宰着人类文明的进程。《丝绸之路:一部全新的世界史》(浙江大学出版社)是牛津大学顶尖学者彼得·弗兰科潘的著作。这是一部由“丝绸之路”串起的世界史,让我们对“丝绸之路”有了一个全新的认识。

自从1877年,德国地理学家费迪南·冯·李希霍芬首次提出“丝绸之路”以来,这条古代中国与西方世界进行丝绸贸易的通道现已广为人知。虽然熟知,但是许多人对“丝绸之路”的认识还是太过于片面,以为那只是一条贸易通道,知道的也不过是张骞通西域开辟“丝绸之路”之类的内容而已。

西方崛起前“丝绸之路”一直是世界的中心

这是一部以“丝绸之路”为题的世界史,作者从公元前数百年“丝绸之路”诞生直至现代,两千多年的诸多大事,都被浓缩在25个章节25条“丝绸之路”的衍生之路中:丝绸之路、信仰之路、皮毛之路、奴隶之路、霸权之路……

原来,“丝绸之路”上所流通的远不止丝绸,不同民族、不同种族、不同信仰、不同文化背景的君王、军队、商人、学者、僧侣、奴隶,还有盗匪,往来于这条道路上,创造并传递着财富、智慧、宗教、艺术、战争、疾病和灾难。

以宗教为例,作者指出,世界主要宗教都是通过“丝绸之路”传播壮大的。神祗和宗教派别、神职人员和地方领袖在这里相互竞争。印度教、耆那教、佛教、琐罗亚斯德教、摩尼教、犹太教、基督教和伊斯兰教等宗教,在“丝绸之路”上此消彼长,从未停歇。

随着基督教向东传播,在7世纪中叶,基督教压过琐罗亚斯德教、犹太教和佛教,进入亚洲腹地。“大秦景教流行中国碑”就是这段历史的见证。接下来登场的是伊斯兰教。利用罗马和波斯两大帝国争斗造成两败俱伤的有利契机,还借助与基督教和犹太教教义的共同之处,伊斯兰教从中东向北非、小亚细亚、波斯和中亚迅速传播,并一度出现了伊斯兰教和基督教、犹太教和睦相处的局面。作者揭示,这时的伊斯兰文明是先进和富裕的代表。

在“丝绸之路”上,东西方在不断交流的同时,也不断上演着争斗。随着基督教和伊斯兰教的兴起,此前希腊、罗马与波斯等帝国的争斗转变为欧洲与阿拉伯之间上千年的宗教战争。匈奴和蒙古、土耳其的大规模西侵对欧洲产生巨大的影响:从威尼斯和热那亚垄断贸易,到西班牙、荷兰和英国相继崛起于大航海时代,再随着美洲巨额的黄金白银被送到欧洲,然后又通过贸易流入中国和印度,整个世界的政治经济体系在不断调整中发生改变。

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