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台湾三部京剧大戏中的文化审美

2017-08-25 04:16:47   中国青年网

李宝春“新老戏”演出海报

【文艺观潮】

当台北新剧团带着《长生殿》《赵匡胤》《宝莲神灯》三部大戏今年在大陆巡演时,舞台创意让观众在似曾相识的老戏里,品味到了京剧仍然活在当代生活中所不可缺少的新意。这让人不禁想起该团三年前亮相第七届中国京剧节的京剧《知己》,浓郁的传统格调让从话剧改编的新作品,带着似曾相识的京剧韵律,让观众在新创如林的当代作品中,品味到了经过二百年沉淀的京剧所具有的包浆之美。

京剧的“新”与“老”是艺术尺度,也是艺术辩证。所谓的新,自然指向创新;所谓的老,自然指向传统。遍布海内外的京剧传承者们总是用自己多元而独特的实践,展示着“新”“老”这对极具辩证的艺术法则。当然,“老”同时也包含着“老旧”“陈腐”等内涵,也囊括了经过时间沙汰之后所形成的“经典”“传统”。因此,如何理性地判定一门传统艺术是否还具有时代活力,既需要从艺术遗产中的老旧内容里获取经验,也需要在跨越时代的经典质量上得到启迪,这也决定了京剧的“新”总是存在更多的艺术限定。

京剧乃至中国戏曲的发展历史,实际就是斟酌新老、权衡正变的历史,这是传承与发展戏曲艺术的重要依据。李宝春团队用“新老戏”作为品牌号召,似乎显得有些率意,但却触及了中国戏曲千百年来生生不息的根本所在:“创造”。正如联合国教科文组织《保护非物质文化遗产公约》在定义“非物质文化遗产”这一概念时,就用“世代相传”“被不断地再创造”来作为重要的标准,以此来强调非物质文化遗产为社区和群体提供“认同感和持续感”,“从而增强对文化多样性和人类创造力的尊重”。对于在中国乃至世界具有最广泛影响力的国粹京剧而言,世代相传的是体现在剧目中的技术、绝活、功架排场等等,而不断再创造的则是活在表演中的艺术、规范、自由写意等等,其间始终围绕的是代代不绝的“人”。因此,李宝春团队倡导的“新老戏”,就是当代人贴近当代文化审美,进行当代戏曲创造的重要组成部分。

“新老戏”体现着海外京剧人持久的艺术坚守。正如李宝春在海外奔波时强烈感受的,在海峡两岸隔绝的时间里,以京剧为代表的传统艺术在大陆与海外竟然几乎没有差别。技艺规范的稳定呈现,跨越了地理、政治、经济等因素,正是中华优秀文化恪遵师承传统的最好说明,也是戏曲作为乡愁艺术能够长久地演出于华人世界的原因所在。三部“新老戏”都包含着被戏曲演员奉为经典的骨子老戏,《长生殿》直接搬用了梅派经典《贵妃醉酒》,《赵匡胤》是《打窦瑶》《送京娘》《斩黄袍》三出传统戏的整合,而《宝莲神灯》是中国人非常熟悉的表现题材,其间的《二堂舍子》尤其脍炙人口,以此展开的三部全本戏因此具备了传统戏的结构和韵律。同时,三部大戏始终借助京剧传统衣箱来标识人物,始终在配乐伴奏中保持京剧传统乐队的核心地位,始终以多元行当来表现人物的悲欢离合、张扬京剧剧目的传统风格,这些近乎保守的艺术手段让剧目始终保留着京剧应有的视觉印象和美学品位。值得一提的是,此次连演的三部大戏京昆并奏,文武齐备,唱作繁重。尤其在《宝莲神灯》中,李宝春前演刘彦昌、后演二郎神;曹馨月前演三圣母、后演王桂英;而来自江苏省昆剧院、天津京剧院等京昆院团优秀演员的加盟协作,又让两岸戏曲人在作品中保持着戏曲艺术的高水平演绎,这些都是京剧在近代艺术发展史上被推重的优秀传统。应该说,台北新剧团作为台湾地区的一支私营戏曲团体,在只有十数名核心成员的剧团坚守和舞台创作中,代表了京剧传承者用精致艺术来传续优秀传统文化的艺术实践与艺术理想。

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