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北京海淀法院发布不予执行公证债权文书典型案例

2017-08-24 18:56:12   央广网

央广网北京8月24日消息(记者孙莹 北京新闻广播记者马骏)据中国之声《新闻晚高峰》报道,对公证债权文书赋予强制执行效力,是国家强制力在公证活动中的体现。由于公证高效、便捷的特点,公证债权文书强制执行制度在服务实体经济、规范民事经济活动、保护当事人合法权益、减少法院诉讼压力等方面发挥了重要作用。

但是近年来,当事人申请不予执行公证债权文书的案件呈直线上升趋势,被裁定不予执行的案件数量也大幅增加。法院在审查过程中发现了哪些问题?在办理公证债权文书的过程中,又该怎样提高风险防范意识呢?

据北京海淀区人民法院执行局法官朱卉灵介绍,2011年至2013年这三年间,海淀法院共受理公证债权文书执行案件251件,涉案标的10.1亿元,其中当事人申请不予执行的12件,被裁定不予执行的仅有1件,不予执行率约为8%。而从2014年开始,此类案件却有了大幅增长。

朱卉灵表示:“2014年至2017年上半年,我院受理公证债权文书执行案件1824件,同比增长超过6倍,涉案标的53.8亿元。其中当事人申请不予执行的72件,被裁定不予执行的28件,不予执行率增加到38%。”

法院在审查案件中发现本人未到场公证、借贷双方签订“阴阳合同”、债权人向公证处隐瞒债务人还款事实、公证员不亲自办理公证、将抵押人直接列为被执行人等问题,甚至公证债权文书背后浮现出违法问题。北京海淀法院执行裁决庭庭长邵红燕称,当事人约定了高额违约金,实际利息远远超过法定上限,违反了法律强制性规定。职业放贷人、贷款中介利用公证债权文书从事融资放贷业务,涉及的金额数以千万计,甚至过亿,远远超过了民间借贷的常态。

近期,一些老年人遭遇所谓“以房养老”的骗局,引发媒体关注。北京海淀法院执行裁决庭法官张扬分析,这样的骗局最主要的就是两个步骤。第一步就是骗被害人与自己一起到公证处主动要求办理公证。“不法分子与被害人订立一份借款合同,并办理一份赋予强制执行效力的债权文书公证。形式上是一份借款合同,内容上骗子许诺被害人,这只是一种形式,因为债权文书不给办理其他公证,必须要办这种公证。这样被害人就相信了不法分子的许诺,去公证处办理了公证。”

接着,骗子实施第二个关键步骤,办理全权事项的委托。也就是他指定一个人为被害人办理房屋过户、抵押等一切事项,之后一旦被害人到期没有还款——因为被害人当时认为他本人是不用还款的,不法分子利用他这种认识错误,去申请到期公证债权文书执行,被害人可能这时不知道自己已经是被执行人了。最终,这个房屋就可能过户到不法分子名下或者真正出借人名下。

法官提示,轻易不要做全权委托公证,尤其是委托给陌生人,更不要以为到公证处公证只是走个形式。

张扬在此提醒大家,“第一,不管不法分子怎么许诺你这只是个形式,是国家支持的,一定要看自己公证签订的是什么合同,那就是什么合同,法院不会因为公正之外的口头承诺或者其他协议,就否定公证债权文书的效力。因为根据法律规定,公证债权文书是具有较高的证明力的,除非有足够的相反证据证明,才可能被法院采信。第二,千万不要办理这种全权事项的委托公证,一旦把自己的委托权放出去,就控制不了自己的房子,房屋很可能被转卖、变卖。”

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