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北方黄册填补空白

2017-08-21 05:16:27   中国青年网

众所周知,赋役黄册制度是明代户籍与赋役之法的一项基本制度,并与明朝统治相始终。可惜的是,数量巨大的明代黄册消失于朝代更迭中。现存的明代黄册文书,多是乡里保存的黄册底籍、草册及抄底等,而明代黄册原件难得一见。已知存世黄册遗存文书,都属于南方地区,北方黄册一件未见。幸运的是,近几年我们在进行公文纸本古籍整理研究的过程中,发现了两种消失已久的北方黄册,使得北方黄册失而复得。尤其难能可贵的是,两种北方黄册,一属县衙所藏,一出自后湖黄册库,均为明代黄册原件。

属县衙所藏黄册,见于上海图书馆藏公文纸本《赵元哲诗集》纸背,共四册,计110页。其中多处出现“一户某某,系山东兖州府东平州东阿县”等字样,如第1册第2页背“壹户刘彦实,系山东兖州府东平州东阿县”,第2册第2页背“一户冠君仁,系山东兖州府东平州东阿县西姚”等,可知其应为山东东阿县攒造黄册。又,第2册第4页背载:“县尚德乡壹都第一图车站户,充万历拾玖年甲首”,第2册第21页背载“山屯驴夫户,充万历拾陆年甲首”。明代黄册十年一造,排定之后十年间的里长、甲首轮役次序。据此结合明代黄册大造之年推断,可知该批黄册应为万历十年(1582)所造。另,此《赵元哲诗集》为明万历十年朱应毂刻公文纸印本。朱应毂,万历十年前后任东阿县知县,曾纂修《东阿县志》,《赵元哲诗集》应即其任东阿县知县之时所刻。但印刷时间应该晚于万历十年,因其用万历十年攒造黄册刷印,必须等到此批黄册成为废册之后方可。由该书刻印地点可知,此批黄册应为东阿县所藏黄册。

出自后湖黄册的北方黄册,为山西汾州南郭西厢关厢黄册,见于上海图书馆藏明末毛氏汲古阁刻公文纸本《乐府诗集》纸背。如该书目录第11页背第2行载:“壹户田友,系山西汾州南郭西厢关厢第拾壹图”,第9行—12行载:“开除/人口正除死亡男妇六口/男子不成丁四口/田受于嘉靖/田广于嘉靖”,据此推断,此“山西汾州黄册”应为嘉靖四十一年攒造。

万历十年山东东阿县和嘉靖四十一年山西汾州黄册的发现,填补了我国现存明代黄册中,北方黄册缺失的空白,使得消失已久的北方黄册重回学者研究视线。相对于已知的南方遗存黄册,失而复得的北方黄册,具有以下两个突出特点和史料价值:

一、两种北方黄册的发现,为研究明代黄册制度的演变提供了宝贵资料。例如,关于黄册攒造中的人户类别,栾成显曾据遗存黄册指出:“黄册以户为单位攒造,大的类别分为‘正管’户和‘畸零’户(又称‘带管’),家有赀财应役者为正管,鳏寡孤独不应者为畸零。”(栾成显:《赋役黄册与明代等级身份》,《中国社会科学院研究生院学报》2007年第1期)在文中,他将“带管户”等同于“畸零户”,但山东东阿县黄册中明确出现了“正管”“带管”“畸零”三类人户。如《赵元哲诗集》第二册第3页背载:“正管/第九里/里长”,第二冊第22页纸背载:“带管/第肆甲/里长/下户”,第一册第7页纸背载:“畸零/第伍甲/甲首/下户”。由“带管”与“畸零”并列,可知此两类人户应非等同关系。日本学者鹤见尚弘根据洪武二十四年“奏准攒造黄册格式”规定,推测明代第二次攒造黄册时,里甲人户中出现了介于里甲户与畸零户之间的“带管户”,其身份应是作为正管“里甲户”的替补应役人户存在(鹤见尚弘著、姜镇庆等译:《中国明清社会经济研究》,学苑出版社1989年版)。但从东阿县黄册中可见,“带管户”本身已经编排里长、甲首,出任里甲之役了,并非仅仅是替补人户。

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