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新旧动能转换日韩怎么做

2017-08-24 08:27:28   中国青年网

□高晓梅

在经济发展的早期阶段,日韩都采用了政府主导型发展模式,经济增长十分迅猛。但在上世纪九十年代之后,他们同样遇到了发展模式调整、新旧动能转换的问题,其中有成功的经验,也有失败的教训,值得我们借鉴。

在工业化的道路上,没有哪两个国家有完全相同的境遇,但处在相似发展阶段上会面临大致相同的困难,受制于大致相同的压力,具有十分相似的处境,可引以为鉴。日本和韩国同处东亚,与我省一衣带水、隔海相望,地理位置、发展环境和文化基因相近,增长轨迹相似,认真研究以先发国家为目标的日韩经济赶超史,总结日韩经济发展的模式和特点,分析日韩政府应对转型的经验教训和利弊得失,对于促进我省经济社会的健康发展和顺利转型具有重要的现实意义。

日本和韩国都曾是贫穷的后发国家,上世纪七八十年代先后获得巨大的成功,成为发达经济体。他们都经历过高速增长,也经历了持续的低迷和不景气,可以说既有成功的经验,也有值得反思的问题和教训。

日韩经济的成功得益于当时特定的国际环境和历史条件,得益于经济优先、政府主导、出口导向、扩大投资、改革创新、大企业优先发展为主要特征的发展模式,这些做法在经济发展的早期阶段成效显著,有效地促进了经济增长,为迈入高收入社会提供了重要支持。但随着增长模式逐渐趋于定型固化,其阻碍经济持续增长的弊端也逐步显露出来。政府过度干预的发展模式,毕竟打破了经济社会发展的自然成长过程,无力适应和满足信息化、全球化时代多元化的价值选择,积累的矛盾和问题越来越多,继而演变为继续发展的阻力,导致整个社会发展活力下降。正所谓成也萧何,败也萧何。实践证明,没有哪一种成功的模式是可以永恒不变的,发展模式必须随着外部条件和自身的成长变化不断进行调整。

日韩等经济体在转型期所遇到的问题和挑战、其制度和政策的演变历程,对我们有以下重要启示:

应深刻认识经济增长阶段转换的规律性,顺应发展规律,科学预判,及早做出前瞻性战略安排。任何增长方式都有其局限性,自然增长方式有经济周期的困扰,需要靠市场修正;而赶超型增长则面临转型的困扰,需要政府调控,对政府决策水平提出了更高的要求。政府应认清经济发展不同阶段的特点,在经济发展进入工业化后期和城市化快速发展阶段时,及时把重心转移到新动力的培育和再造上,避免因动力机制错配阻碍经济社会向更高阶段攀升。日本就是在增速放缓初期不适当地使用紧缩政策,发现潜在增长率下降后又大肆推行扩张政策,致使经济先起后落,陷入长期低迷。韩国也是没有认识到转型的内在需求,在10多年时间里推行总体宽松的货币政策,效果很差。这些教训都值得我们借鉴。

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