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巴蜀文化研究专家:成都街道30°偏角是古人智慧

2017-08-23 07:32:07   中国青年网

□文莎 本报记者 肖姗姗

8月19日,巴蜀文化研究专家袁庭栋携新版《成都街巷志》,与成都市档案学会理事长姬勇做客四川省图书馆,以“天府记忆,蓉城旧梦”为主题进行对谈,从街巷文化的角度解读成都的历史文化,并对读者提出的问题进行了逐一解答。

古人筑城因地制宜

“大家有没有想过成都的地形为什么不是方方正正的?”一上台,袁庭栋就抛出问题,让台下读者或若有所思或一头雾水,他随即解释,“这是由成都的地质特征所决定,很多地方土壤松动,没法修建。”

袁庭栋说,“其实,古人很有智慧,早早就意识到了这一点。”《搜神记》中记载,秦统一巴蜀后,张仪主持在成都筑城,可是城是修了几次,垮了几次。在高人指点下,张仪意识到,成都地势低洼,很多滩涂,无法按传统的方方正正、正南正北的建筑规划修筑。于是,他选择了其中较好的地基来修房屋。这样一来,成都就成了一个不方不正、不南不北的形状,略像龟的形状,所以就得了“龟城”的别称。“龟城”这个提法,还出现在很多诗句中,比如唐代诗人戎昱的“九月龟城暮,愁人闭草堂”,清代诗人王渔洋的“人烟过蚕市,新月上龟城”。

袁庭栋表示,“这种龟形建城的格局一直延续到近代,始终保持着不方不正、不南不北。城中街道除了新修的人民南路等少数街道是直线,其他的路基本上是斜线。东大街、西大街、南大街和北大街,还保持着明显的30°左右的偏角。”

对于30°偏角现象,袁庭栋认为是古蜀先民的智慧结晶,古蜀先民从岷山迁移到成都平原,方向是西北到东南,出于对祖先的怀念,他们的墓坑朝向西北向。加之,成都平原两边的龙门山脉、龙泉山脉都是东北—西南走向,风多数是从东北方向吹来,为了适应风向,古人就有意把城市中的街道建为从西北向东南的斜向和从东北向西南的斜向布局,让南北向街道呈北偏东30°左右。

皇城是近代教育发祥地

说起最具有代表性的成都的老地方,袁庭栋与姬勇不谋而合,一致认为是皇城(今四川科技馆、天府广场一带)。皇城的称呼由来已久,而且一直沿用到20世纪60年代。

皇城最早可以追溯到五代时期,这里曾经是前蜀和后蜀两个小朝廷的皇宫,所以称之为皇城。明末清初毁于战火,清初重建时,并未回复皇城的建筑,而是在其旧址上修建了供科举考试用的考场,当时称为贡院。

彼时,除了贡院外,皇城附近一片空旷,人们把这片空地称为皇城坝,并在坝子里放牧牛羊。清朝统治者还把皇城以西(今天府广场西边)安排给回族同胞居住,使这一片地区成为清代成都最大的回族同胞聚居区。77岁的袁庭栋打趣说,“这个地方到现在都还保留有几家清真餐馆,里面的牛肉吃起来香得很。”

在姬勇看来,皇城除了历史悠久,还是近代教育的发祥地。1917年,皇城内的建筑与皇城附近的贡院街、三桥北街、东西御河沿街一带因战乱被焚毁。自此以后,皇城就成为办学的场地,曾有四川高等师范学校、成都师范大学、成都大学等在这里开办。1931年,成大、高师与公立四川大学合并组成的国立四川大学成立,这里是校本部和文学院与法学院的所在地,一直到抗日战争时期四川大学迁往峨眉山办学为止。

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