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二氧化硫可形成酸雨 酸雨使土壤营养元素淋失

2017-08-23 06:42:17   中国青年网

前面我们说到,目前我国空气质量监测标准主要关注二氧化硫、二氧化氮、一氧化碳、臭氧、可吸入颗粒物和细颗粒物等6个项目。今天起,我们来一一聊聊这些大气污染物的形成、危害和防治。首先说说二氧化硫。

二氧化硫(SO2)是最常见的硫氧化物,硫酸原料的主要成分。二氧化硫是无色气体,有强烈刺激性气味。由于煤和石油通常都含有硫化合物,因此燃烧时会生成二氧化硫。火山爆发时会喷出该气体,许多工业过程中也会产生,比如硫酸厂排放的尾气中、有色金属冶炼过程排放的废气中、燃煤烟气中都含有二氧化硫。当二氧化硫溶于水中,会形成亚硫酸,即酸雨的主要成分。通常在催化剂如二氧化氮的存在下,二氧化硫还会进一步氧化生成硫酸。

二氧化硫有何危害?首先,它易被湿润的粘膜表面吸收生成亚硫酸、硫酸,对眼及呼吸道粘膜有强烈的刺激作用。大量吸入二氧化硫,可引起肺水肿、喉水肿、声带痉挛甚至窒息。轻度中毒时,发生流泪、畏光、咳嗽,咽喉灼痛等;严重中毒可在数小时内发生肺水肿;极高浓度吸入可引起反射性声门痉挛而致窒息、皮肤或眼接触发生炎症或灼伤。长期低浓度接触,可有头痛、头昏、乏力等全身症状以及慢性鼻炎、咽喉炎、支气管炎、嗅觉及味觉减退等,少数人有牙齿酸蚀症。

此外,酸雨可导致土壤酸化。在酸雨的作用下,土壤中的营养元素钾、钠、钙、镁会释放出来,随着雨水被淋溶掉。所以长期的酸雨会使土壤中大量的营养元素淋失,使土壤变得贫瘠。酸雨还能使土壤中的铝从稳定态中释放出来,使活性铝增加,严重抑制林木的生长。酸雨还能使非金属建筑材料,比如混凝土、砂浆和灰砂砖的表面硬化,水泥溶解,出现空洞和裂缝,导致强度降低。

如何防治二氧化硫污染?比如,使用燃煤脱硫技术,减少二氧化硫排放;工业生产排放气体处理后再排放;使用天然气等清洁能源,开发太阳能、水能等新能源,少用煤。 成都晚报记者 薛欢

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