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我国云量近十年增加了

2017-08-23 04:26:43   中国青年网

地面气象站观测云时,一般选择在能看到全部天空及地平线的开阔地点或平台。当天空部分为障碍物(如山、房屋等)遮蔽时 ,云量应从未被遮蔽的天空部分中估计,如果一部分天空为降水所遮蔽,这部分天空应作为被产生降水的云所遮蔽来看待。此外,如果观测时阳光较强,还需戴上黑色(或暗色)眼镜遮挡。

我们通常将整个天空划分为10等份,云量是指天空被云遮蔽的份数,记整数,共有0-10个等级。当全天无云时,云量为“0”;天空完全为云所遮蔽,记“10”,云遮盖天空一半时,云量为“5”(就是50%),以此类推。云量还分为总云量和低云量两种,总云量指观测天空被所有云遮蔽的总成数,低云量则指天空被低云族的云所遮蔽的成数。当雪、雾、轻雾使天空的云量无法辨明或不能完全辨明时,总、低云量记10;可完全辨明时,按正常情况记录。因霾、浮尘、沙尘暴、扬沙等视程障碍现象使天空云量全部或部分不能辨明时,总、低云量记“-”,若能完全辨明时,则按正常情况记录。

我们经常使用的天气预报中提到的晴、少云、多云和阴,就是根据云量的多少划分的。天空无云,或者总云量少于1成,则为“晴天”,总云量1-3成为“少云”;3-7成为“多云”,当云量在8成以上时则是“阴天”。

我国云量南多北少

夏季常“浓云密布”

在全球范围内,天空中平均总云量约为67%,不过它的分布是非常不均匀的。全球总云量随纬度和海陆的变化有较大差异。一般来说,云量在海洋地区高于陆地地区。由赤道至两极附近,云量的分布有三个峰值带,一个位于赤道附近,另外两个分别位于南北纬60°附近,云量可达到90%。赤道地区云量之所以多,是因为该地区接收到的太阳辐射能量最多,水汽充分,垂直气流发展旺盛。在南北回归线附近,云量又出现低值区,因为这个区域处在环流的下流区,来自赤道地区的上升气流在此下沉,抑制了云的生成。非洲北部、中东、印度西北部、北美洲南部以及中美洲部分地区、澳大利亚、南美洲以及非洲的南部地区云量都比较少,只有30%左右。中东和撒哈拉地区是世界上云量最少的地区。天空中云量甚至低于10%。

相比全球,我国年平均总云量略微偏少,为61%。由于我国地域纬度跨越较大,云量在南北的分布差异较大,从南到北呈带状分布而减少,纬度越高,云量越少。总云量空间分布与我国气候环境相关,北部地区气候干旱、少雨、云量少;南部水汽供应充足及受季风影响,云量多。同一纬度下,东部云量多于西部。

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