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“塔西佗陷阱” 不只是塔西佗的功劳

2017-08-22 08:32:49   中国青年网

■曹维劲

史书记载,古罗马有两个塔西佗。年轻的当过古罗马的皇帝;年长的是历史学家,曾出任保民官、营造官、财务官和外省总督等。

一般认为,“塔西佗陷阱”应该与老塔西佗有关。商务印书馆出版的《塔西佗历史》中,老塔西佗在评价一位罗马皇帝时说:“一旦皇帝成了人们憎恨的对象,他做的好事和坏事就同样会引起人们对他的厌恶。”

那么,究竟是谁把塔西佗的这句话总结、概括和提升为一个定律的呢?有人发现并提出:这是中国学者潘知常的贡献。在《谁劫持了我们的美感》一书中,作者潘知常首次用加注引号的方式明确提出了“塔西佗陷阱”。

这是一部围绕中国四本古典著作展开论述的审美和文化批评类专著。书中提到了许多早已约定俗成的定律、定理、法则,如“帕累托效应”“卡尔多改进”“囚徒困境”等。至于“塔西佗陷阱”,人们可能容易连带地将其看成诸多定律之一,而忽略了作者特别强调“我把它称之为‘塔西佗陷阱’的怪现状”这一提法。

从现有检索情况来看,“塔西佗陷阱”确实以潘知常2007年的提出为最早。有西方研究者发现,“塔西佗陷阱”的英文搜索结果有1690条左右,但大部分源自中文出版物。可见,“塔西佗陷阱”被称之为“一个中国教授命名的西方政治学定律”并非一家之言。

如同自然科学家发明一种科学理论那样,人文社会科学家发现和概括出一个定律同样也应视为一大贡献。可能有人会认为,既然是塔西佗讲的话,那功劳应该算在塔西佗头上。这里须分清塔西佗原话与“塔西佗陷阱”的区别。它有点类似于著名的“马太效应”。

“马太效应”出自圣经中的一则寓言:“凡有的,还要加倍给他叫他多余;没有的,连他所有的也要夺过来。”但学术界一般都把“马太效应”的提出和命名,归功于美国科学史研究者罗伯特·默顿。其归纳的“马太效应”指的是:任何个体、群体或地区在某一个方面获得成功和进步,就会产生一种积累优势,就会有更多的机会取得更大的成功和进步。鉴于同样的道理,将“塔西佗陷阱”这一定律的概括、提出和命名归功于中国学者,应该是顺理成章的,也是一种珍贵的历史存照。

(作者为学林出版社原社长)

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