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慢慢走,欣赏啊(美在生活)
2017-08-22 04:16:53 中国青年网
簪花仕女图
审美活动从字面上讲就是对美好事物的欣赏。在日常生活中,花无疑是美的直观形态,也是美好事物的一个代表。植物开花之时是其生命美好状态的直接呈现,所以赏花也是对美的欣赏。中国古人很早就懂得这个道理。在对“桃之夭夭,灼灼其华”的吟咏中,表达着对美好生活的向往和对生命绽放的赞美。以至于发展出赏花美学,其主要内容是:欣赏花姿色气味的感官品鉴,欣赏花的寓意内涵的意趣赏玩以及欣赏花的生命意义的审美观照。
姿色生香
中国人对花的欣赏首先是对花的物质形态的欣赏。这是直观意义上的欣赏,疏影横斜、暗香浮动给人带来感官的愉悦。花香令人陶醉,花色赏心悦目,花的形状婀娜多姿。所有这些植物特性作为审美对象激起了人的审美情感,并不需要多少修养与造诣便可以自然而然地进行欣赏:清香的水仙,谁嗅到都会感到神清气爽;皎洁的玉兰花,当春怒放,谁见了都会心动。
中国人对花卉的欣赏当然不止停留在这个层次。赏花不是一个被动的行为,当花变成审美对象后,人们就开始对花进行加工改造,让花按照人的理想和趣味发生改变。这种加工改造也是一种审美活动,一种艺术创造活动。于是,插花艺术便成为赏花活动的一种典型方式。袁中郎《瓶史》中说:“插花不可太繁,亦不可太瘦,多不过二种三种。高低疏密,如画苑布置方妙。”沈复《浮生六记》也说:“或密或疏,或进或出,全在会心者得画意乃可。”不仅花朵的搭配要有画意,花朵与枝叶也有高低、正奇、疏密的配合,花与瓶之间也要协调。如青铜瓶厚重古雅,可以配牡丹、玉兰等大朵的花,或枝干较粗的铁骨红梅,方显得骨力雄健,古意盎然。
插花点缀案头,花卉便走进了人的生活,成为人们生活的一部分。赏花由原生态的自然状态走向了精细化的艺术状态。赏花活动也更讲究花与周围环境的协调以及时令节奏的合拍。袁中郎就说:“夫赏花有地有时,不得其时而漫然命客,皆为唐突”“凉花宜爽月、宜夕阳、宜空阶、宜苔径、宜古藤巉石边。若不论风日,不择佳地,神气散缓,了不相属,此与妓舍酒馆中花何异哉?”当花卉与周遭环境和时令节气完美相合,营造出的是一种审美意境,花卉的审美特性得以彰显,现实生活也陡然生出盎然的诗意。由此,美就落实到了现实生活之中。
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