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酌定不起诉宜增强量化适用

2017-08-21 08:16:46   中国青年网

根据刑事诉讼法第173条第2款规定,对于犯罪情节轻微,依照刑法规定不需要判处刑罚或者免除刑罚的,检察院可以作出不起诉决定,即酌定不起诉。这是法律赋予检察机关重要的司法裁量权,体现了宽严相济刑事政策,符合现代司法理念,能够充分发挥检察机关在审查起诉中的“过滤”作用,降低司法成本。但是司法实践中,对比缓刑、管制及免予刑事处罚的判处率,酌定不起诉处于“少用、慎用”状况。在以审判为中心的刑事诉讼制度改革背景下,检察机关要发挥职能作用,亟须加强对酌定不起诉的研究适用。

在坚持审慎原则的基础上,笔者认为,参照刑事诉讼法第271条关于未成年人附条件不起诉的规定,参照最高法《关于常见犯罪的量刑指导意见》(下称《意见》),完全可以对酌定不起诉进行量化适用,既能充分发挥酌定不起诉的功能和价值,也能有效避免各方质疑。

1.犯罪情节轻微的量化。按照罪刑相当原则,犯罪情节是否轻微,主要取决于罪与刑,即犯罪嫌疑人触犯罪名及应判刑罚。参照未成年人附条件不起诉规定,原则上酌定不起诉的适用罪名可限定于刑法分则第四章至第六章所列犯罪

(对于交通肇事等常见犯罪,可单独列入适用范围),刑罚基准可限定为“可能判处有期徒刑一年以下刑罚”。笔者认为,将此列为酌定不起诉的犯罪情节轻微条件比较合理合适,关键在于如何认定“可能判处有期徒刑一年以下刑罚”。

参照《意见》规定,量刑的基本方法是在定性分析的基础上,结合定量分析,依次确定量刑起点、基准刑和宣告刑。笔者认为,酌定不起诉中,以“可能判处有期徒刑一年以下刑罚”基准刑为准,实践中容易操作,也有依据。至于是否应限定为“判处拘役、管制或单处罚金”,笔者认为,完全可以在“不需要判处刑罚或免除刑罚”认定中严格限定。

2.不需要判处刑罚或免除刑罚的量化。酌定不起诉终结刑事诉讼活动,直接关系被害人的权益,被害人对酌定不起诉的申诉、自诉将导致刑事诉讼程序的继续,酌定不起诉的功能和价值将难以发挥。因此,笔者认为,酌定不起诉案件中如有被害人,应充分保障被害人的诉讼程序参与权,充分尊重被害人的意见,原则上应以犯罪嫌疑人取得被害人谅解或达成刑事和解为前提,否则将难以发挥化解社会矛盾、节约司法成本的作用。依据《意见》,对于犯罪情节较轻的案件,应当充分体现从宽。对于犯罪嫌疑人取得被害人谅解或达成刑事和解的犯罪情节轻微案件,笔者认为,若没有不应适用酌定不起诉的特殊情形,即可认定为“不需要判处刑罚或免除刑罚”。

综合酌定不起诉的量化适用标准,笔者认为,同时符合下列条件的,检察机关应以酌定不起诉为原则:一是涉嫌刑法分则第四章至第六章所列犯罪及其他常见犯罪;二是基准刑为有期徒刑一年以下刑罚;三是犯罪嫌疑人取得被害人谅解或达成刑事和解;四是没有不应适用酌定不起诉的特殊情形。对于酌定不起诉的适用程序,笔者认为,对于符合量化适用标准的案件,可简化为分管副检察长审批甚至可由员额检察官直接决定。对于此类案件的内部评查,重点应审查是否符合量化标准。对于不符合量化适用标准的,应以不适用为原则,如可适用需提请检委会讨论决定甚至需报上级检察院审查。

(作者单位:江苏省泗阳县人民检察院)

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