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晋祠流水诗难托

2017-08-21 07:01:29   中国青年网

晋祠难老泉

诗圣李白一生吟诗作文无数,虽说自中原有事,“当时著述,十丧其九”,但今人仍能看到遗篇七八百,这其中也有咏晋的。开元二十三年五月至次年四月,李白应元演之邀同抵太原,同时还到过雁门、恒山、汾州、绛州等地。其间有一批作品问世,今天能考见的有七八首,著名者有《太原早秋》《古风之十四》《北上行》等,而作于天宝年间,记叙有其太原游踪的《忆旧游寄郡元参军》一诗,又因被宋代书法大家黄庭坚书录而备受关注。诗中的“晋祠流水如碧玉”句也成了历代咏晋祠诗中的名句。

晋祠之美首推流水。除李白外,白居易说它“笙歌闻四面,楼阁水中央”,李德裕说它“激水自山椒,析波分浅濑”,欧阳修说它“并人昔游晋水上,清澈照耀涵朱颜;晋水今入并州里,稻花漠漠浇平田”,范仲淹说它“一源甚澄澈,数步忽潺湲”,元好问说它“地脉何尝问今昔,尾闾真解泻沧溟”,于谦说它“出洞神龙和雾起,凌波仙女弄珠游”,屈大均说它“风雷缠一水,松柏贯双溪”。无论是比德致用,还是功利实用,晋水始终处在晋祠的聚焦点上,李白的碧玉之喻,显然是将其比作君子了,这与李世民《晋祠铭》中的“有英俊之贞操”句在仲伯轩轾之间,有异曲同工之妙。

然而,较之李白咏庐山瀑布的“飞流直下三千尺,疑是银河落九天”、咏天门山的“天门中断楚江开,碧水东流至此回”、咏峨眉山的“峨眉山月半轮秋,影入平羌江水流”、咏敬亭山的“相看两不厌,只有敬亭山”,这句夹在长诗里的片段,能随口诵出者毕竟不多。之所以这样,从文学理论的角度讲定有许多信服人的解释,但没有抓住被描写物的鲜明个性定也是一种诠注。说晋祠流水如碧玉可,说霍泉流水如碧玉也可,说洪山流水如碧玉还可。以李白的蹊跷逾常、魁奇卓异、夸张造势、浪漫舒逸,本应有更瑰丽炳蔚、高妙波俏的句子嵌其中,应有更深刻透辟、铭诸肺腑的思想存其间。这首“忆旧游”的诗并非为晋祠专作,而是寄给好友元演的忆作,诗中历叙与元演的四番聚散,在太原府的携游是其第三次聚合。诗作看似通篇追叙青年时代轻裘肥马、钟鸣鼎食般的狂浪生活,实则尽是政治失意人生不得志的流露,以及对世态人情的体味,晋祠只是其涉及到的一个背景,一个过场。在此前提下,对晋祠描述的等闲寻常、平淡无险,也在文理之中。凭李白的斗酒百篇,为晋祠留篇专作很有可能,是当时对这位尚未隆名的意气少年的诗作不以为然而懒于勒石传抄,还是这样的专作也在逸诗之列,后人已无从考据。李白之后,诸家在此留下的诗篇,能让人挂在嘴边的章阕实在也没有。

晋祠美景北方罕有,其历史文物价值更是关紧,千年古祠、赫赫享堂没能以诗文的形式播名,实在是一种遗憾。但走遍大江南北,这样的例子不乏胪列。少林寺虽未得诗名,却以武术噪名,富春江也未见诗名,却因黄公望之《富春山居图》称名。以诗文著名者,惟四大名楼有幸。滕王阁有王勃的《滕王阁序》,鹳雀楼有王之涣的《登鹳雀楼》,黄鹤楼有崔颢的《黄鹤楼》,岳阳楼有范仲淹的《岳阳楼记》。古人有“登高必赋”之说,信矣!与俯视水面而顿发缱绻柔情、惆怅忧郁不同,登高宜矢志立誓,扫除阴霾,可遥望乡关,慰藉孤寂,登高之赋豪情满怀,意气风发,登高之诗壮志凌云,气冲霄汉。“独背残阳上小楼,谁家玉笛韵偏幽。一行白雁遥天暮,几点黄花满地秋。”登高之诗寂寥萧瑟,黯然感伤,登高之诗相顾无言,怅然若失。无形诗文托起了有形楼宇,并予之别样的含义,使之屡毁屡建流传久远者,一二诗文足也。较之木结构的楼座,诗文更不朽,较之不竭之晋水,诗文更绵长。

介子平

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