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西班牙学者:恐怖主义的蔓延凸显欧洲自我认同的危机

2017-08-19 16:46:26   国际在线

胡里奥·里奥斯(西班牙)

数十个小时之前在西班牙加泰罗尼亚地区(巴塞罗那是加泰罗尼亚地区的首府)发生的恐怖袭击阴影尚未褪去,那些惨烈的场景回想起来仍然让人惴惴不安。是的,西班牙的军队和警察已经在这个地区保持了很久高度戒备的状态(西班牙长期以来面临国内民族分裂势力的威胁,国内对恐怖袭击的防控一直处于相对高压的状态),但即便如此,他们仍然没能像人们所期待的那样在第一时间将全部嫌犯绳之于法,而这种状态,简直是最近一段时期以来欧洲国家在遭到恐怖袭击之后的“常态”。

当然,除了警方和军方在每次袭击之后的反恐行动之外,每当遭遇悲剧,欧洲也会扪心自问,恐怖袭击的缘由到底是什么?当然,我们会想到宗教问题,会想到文化问题,这些都有长期的历史积淀,但是我们认为,在当前的大环境下,去追溯这些历史问题,不如转回头来看看前方,看看我们所处的世界,看看我们未来还会面对怎样的挑战。如果我们一味向后看,将恐怖袭击的起因归咎于历史和文化,那么我们将永远无法遏制恐怖主义蔓延的趋势。我们认为,当前欧洲面临的恐怖主义威胁,其根源在于欧洲为了增加在某些地区地缘政治的影响力而执行的错误的战略,从某种意义上来讲,欧洲今天的遭遇,恰是失败的地缘政治战略带来的苦果。

让我们来看看伊拉克和利比亚吧,这是西方强国曾经津津乐道的两宗具有代表性的案例。西方国家在这些地方策动“颜色革命”,掀起运动推翻现有政府,但是他们并没能如自己所承诺的那样建立起新的、能够有效管理这一地区的民主政府。讽刺的是,西方国家推崇的“颜色革命”变成了混乱和失败国家的制造工厂,而包括欧洲在内的西方国家在这些地区的所作所为,助长了一种激进的反西方主义思潮,今天影响我们的恐怖主义正是这种思潮影响下的一种非对称战争状态。

所以当我们去评论这些恐怖事件的凶手时,即便我们会说这个人很疯狂,或者很空虚,但我们也应当看到,从客观上来说,是我们西方国家的政策造就了这个疯狂的、空虚的凶手。这是我们的失败,或者说是我们一系列政策的失败。

首先,证明了我们实施的文化政策的缺陷。不同的文化、宗教背景需要不同的政策,历史已经证明,单纯的希望通过施加强势文化影响甚至改变其他国家和地区根深蒂固的信仰和文化习俗,只能带来更多的冲突和反抗。

其次,文化多元主义这个词,说起来是美妙无比的,但是要真正将文化多元落在实处,所需要的不仅是自由、公正的文化氛围,更要考虑到其他文化中的排他性和独一性。文化多元主义从梦想变为现实,需要的不是一蹴而就的强硬措施,而是需要时间——漫长的时间,和精准、小心的措施。

第三,社会和经济政策的失败也为恐怖主义的繁殖提供了土壤。现在的社会政策已经不是覆盖度是不是足够广的问题,而是现有的社会政策模式是不是能防止一些特定的,需要救助而没能获得足够社会资源的群体逐渐被边缘化。

冷战结束后,全球两极化的时期随之终结,欧洲地区的自我认同感随着地缘政治优势的丧失和偏执主义思潮的崛起降到最低,逐渐屈从于欧洲中心主义的论调。在这一背景下, 欧洲统一的趋势不断增强,从布鲁塞尔发出的声音成了全欧洲的声音。然而,时至今日,这个场景却离我们越来越远。

有效的反恐政策的确能暂时性地遏制恐怖主义行径,但是欧洲需要的不是一个环境近似的国家,而是一个有领导力、有明确战略和清晰对外政策的统一体。

欧洲需要加强安全策略,但是更重要的是找到能够体现自己独立意愿和身份的发展路径。反恐不是表面文章,恐怖主义泛滥的背后揭示着欧洲自我身份认同的缺失。如果我们继续像现在这样盲目行事,恐怖主义的威胁只会愈演愈烈。

(作者为西班牙加利西亚国际政治研究中心主任 翻译:王路)

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