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巴塞罗那之殇切中欧洲之痛

2017-08-19 12:31:29   央广网

面对恐袭之癌,欧洲各国需要反思。战后数十年的繁荣,让欧洲社会形成宽容、松散的风气,对穆斯林移民融入等难题未能未雨绸缪。遭受全球金融危机与欧债危机双重打击,欧洲各国经济总体上日益捉襟见肘,族群矛盾、移民融合、阶层对立、失业率高企等诸多社会矛盾集中爆发,这些都成为孕育恐怖分子的“温床”。

8月17日是西班牙巴塞罗那黑暗的一天。这天,巴塞罗那市久负盛名的兰布拉斯大街发生汽车撞人恐怖袭击事件,造成至少13人丧生,100多人受伤,其中包括3名中国人。极端组织“伊斯兰国”随后“认领”这起事件。(相关报道见09版)

欧洲再遭恐袭,举世皆惊。西班牙当地报刊18日的头版均是恐袭现场的巨幅照片,“恐袭”“震惊”“团结起来”是关键词。兰布拉斯喋血是巴塞罗那与西班牙之殇,同时也折射出恐袭之癌、欧洲之痛。

从全球范围看,“8·17”恐袭可以说是恐怖主义泛滥的新事件,是“伊斯兰国”在中东面临全面溃败后的“彰显肌肉”的新动作。今年以来,一度风头强劲的“伊斯兰国”遭遇重大挫折:一方面,伊拉克政府军7月份正式解放“伊斯兰国”所谓的“建国”之地——伊拉克第二大城市摩苏尔;另一方面,叙利亚政府军和国际反恐联盟加大了对在叙“伊斯兰国”的攻击力度。但是,“伊斯兰国”在中东困兽犹斗,对外“输出恐袭”成为其战略新选择。

欧洲与中东北非仅地中海一水相隔,又有巴尔干相接,管理宽松、移民社区众多的欧洲自然成为“伊斯兰国”外溢的首选之地。几年来,从巴黎到柏林,从戛纳到斯德哥尔摩,从不列颠群岛到眼下的伊比利亚半岛,恐怖主义成为欧洲的新常态,无辜民众的伤口在滴血。

这是新世纪以来欧洲乃至全球恐袭的第二波大爆发(第一波是以“9·11”袭击为代表),有着两大典型特点:

一是“本土化”趋势明显,内生性恐怖主义让人忧心。美国情报机构评估显示,集结在“伊斯兰国”黑色旗帜下的外国战斗人员一度达到近4万人,其中约有6000多人来自西方国家,绝大部分来自欧洲。这些“圣战分子”返回欧洲,分散在移民社区里,是令人恐怖的“定时炸弹”——他们是“独狼”,亦是播撒极端主义的“种子”。当下的欧洲,一个个恐怖的“独狼”散布在欧洲各个角落,恐怖主义已然侵入了欧洲社会的骨髓,成为欧洲政治动荡与社会不稳的一大祸根。

二是袭击工具的日常化,作案手法相互模仿。如今许多“独狼”不一定非要考虑制造精密的炸弹,他们把车辆变成令人恐怖的道具,无法事先排查防备。伦敦大学国王学院反恐专家马希尔说:“现在很简单了:弄辆车把人撞倒。”从法国尼斯独立日恐袭事件到柏林圣诞市场恐袭事件,从伦敦的威斯敏斯特到眼下巴塞罗那的兰布拉斯,恐怖分子都是驾车疯狂碾轧,完全丧失人性。

面对恐袭之癌,欧洲各国需要反思,更需要用猛药。其一要反思对外政策尤其是对中东政策。前几年西亚北非多国动荡,欧洲跟着美国后面搞掉了卡扎菲、穆巴拉克等几个铁腕政权,对叙利亚巴沙尔政权也是不依不饶,结果让“伊斯兰国”乘隙做大,失去控制的中东成为恐袭与难民潮的发源地,欧洲成为了受害者。

其二要反思社会管理。战后数十年的繁荣,让欧洲社会形成宽容、松散的风气,对穆斯林移民融入难题未能未雨绸缪,办法也不多。宏观上看,在荷包鼓的富庶时代,欧洲各国尚可以应对,但在遭受全球金融危机与欧债危机双重打击之后,欧洲各国经济总体上日益捉襟见肘,族群矛盾、移民融合、阶层对立、失业率高企等诸多社会矛盾集中爆发,这些都成为孕育恐怖分子的“温床”。从微观上说,从反恐情报交流、边境控制到机场、地铁等重要场所的安检,欧洲总体上很稀松,万事靠自觉,这些也让恐怖分子有了可乘之机。

巴塞罗那喋血是欧洲的新伤口,新的恐袭或许已在路上,防恐反恐任务尤为严峻艰巨。欧洲人需要刮骨疗伤,你若去欧洲一游,也一定要多长个安全心眼。

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