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毛笔,从一把小扫帚到书法利器

2017-08-19 05:51:20   中国青年网

在《少年杨家将》中,毛笔备受文官武将青睐。

中国用毛笔的历史悠久,远古陶器上已有毛笔的痕迹。毛笔是文房四宝之首,笔在史上的名称多的是,吴国叫“不律”,燕国叫“弗”,楚国叫“幸”,秦国叫“笔”。秦始皇统一全国后,“笔”成为定名,一直沿用至今。毛笔由笔杆和笔头组成,其中笔头的制作非常重要。电视剧《少年杨家将》中有不少镜头给了毛笔,毛笔做工精致,不管谁书写都很给力。正如清代书家杨宾所说“书之佳不佳,笔居其半”。

毛笔,最初的样子像一把小扫帚,把笔毛捆扎在小木竿或竹竿一头,便成为一支毛笔。这种毛笔的中心是空的,写字时一按下去,笔毛容易散开。后来古人聪明点了,将笔杆一头劈开,把笔毛夹进去,写出来的字比以前好看了。让毛笔发生质变的是楚国人,他们用竹材料做笔杆,在笔杆一端钻个小洞,这个洞叫毛腔。再用上等兔毫制作笔头,想办法扎紧笔头根部,然后塞入毛腔。这在制笔工艺上是值得大赞的一笔。这种笔用起来还是有点问题——没有锐利的尖锋。

1972年,在甘肃武威磨咀子汉墓出土了一支笔,笔心是紫黑色硬毛,外面覆盖黄褐色软毛。笔管是竹的,笔头纳入后,捆绑丝线,然后梳漆以加固。笔杆上还有落款,刻了3个字“白马作”,大概是民间笔工的名字。这支毛笔制作精细,比战国的毛笔进了一大步。真正的书法用笔,产生于汉末魏晋时期,以韦诞为代表人物。韦诞,京兆人,就是现在的西安人。他是曹魏时的大书法家,也是文学家,而且会自己制造笔墨,他写的文章《笔方》是最重要的制笔工艺文献。大家都知道鲁班是木工的祖师爷,制笔行业的祖师爷就是韦诞。“工欲善其事,必先利其器”,这句话耳熟能详,便是韦诞说的。曹魏时,造了很多建筑,皇帝命令韦诞题写匾额。吩咐他用皇帝的笔墨,韦诞都说不好。他说“夫工欲善其事,必先利其器,若用张芝笔,左伯纸及臣墨,兼此三具,又得臣手,然后可以逞劲丈之势,方寸千言”。韦诞的意思是,你要我题写匾额,我要用这三样东西:张芝笔、左伯纸、我所制造的墨,有了这三样,加上我的手,就写出来了。从这段话里可以看出来,韦诞虽然自己也会做笔,但他很推崇东汉张芝的笔。

隋唐时代,文房用品的制作繁荣起来。宣州成为全国的制笔中心,宣笔在选材、制作、性能上都超过前代。因唐代以前使用低矮的家具,书画家席地而坐,悬腕运笔,所以多喜欢用坚挺的笔头,硬毫笔受到书画家的青睐。宣州制笔世家诸葛氏造的硬毫笔,大多采用紫兔毫,笔头短而硬。当时拥有这样的一支笔,就很荣幸了。

唐代朝廷用的笔大部分是宣州贡品。由于唐笔的锋短,过于刚硬,所以蓄墨少容易干枯,于是后来又造出一种锋长精柔的毛笔,适宜书写笔画流畅的字体。因而有人说,长锋笔的出现带来了唐宋时期纵横洒脱的书法风格。

本报记者 郭志英

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