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窗前总有花笺纸

2017-08-18 16:16:52   中国青年网

插图 消失天迷

插图 消失天迷

晏藜

现代人从开始习字时就使用纸张了,从最开始的田字格纸、到后来的横线纸、方格纸,再到后来打印用的A4纸,还有包括塑料纸、卫生纸等生活纸张,纸的存在对于我们来说习以为常。即便现在电子技术如此普及,但纸笔的作用依然无法被取代,不知如果没有纸张,我们平时该怎么随手记录重要的信息,留下生活的痕迹。

但生活在遥远朝代的古人却无法享受这样的便利。在造纸术被发明之前,古人只能使用其他物品来完成记录的功能。约成书于战国的《周礼》中记载:“有史官掌邦国,大事书于策,小事简牍而已。”简牍就是竹简,古代人先用火烘烤青竹,使其变得干燥,然后才便于书写。因为在烘烤过程中竹子会有水分渗出,因此也称“汗青”。而将简牍编在一起,就形成了策。在秦汉时期,绢帛也是不难见到的书写材料,但绢帛造价昂贵,只有少数人能用得起,因此并不普及。绢帛轻便好写,简牍取材便利,还能用刀刮去反复书写,两者各有优点。直到东汉和帝时期,发明家蔡伦取两者的优点,又总结了前人的经验,用树皮、破布、渔网等为原材料制作出既书写舒适,又轻巧便携,同时还造价低廉的纸张。他将纸张进献给皇帝,“自是,天下咸谓之蔡侯纸”。

自蔡伦造纸后,天下人的书写习惯欣然一变。“纸”这种物品,也正式亮相于史籍之中。《说文解字》提到纸的本义:“纸者,絮一苫也。”这个解释就跟早期纸张的制作方法有关:以废旧的纺织品为原料,将其打散后再重新编制成纸。后来的一些发明家在此基础上改进,制造出更精美的纸张。比如汉末书法家左伯,竟陵王萧子良曾称赞他造的纸“子邑(左伯的字)之纸,研妙辉光”。

从今天的角度看,纸的出现对人类的文明史有着巨大的贡献,堪称当时最伟大的发明之一,但也并不是所有人都买这个账。汉末著名的文学家、书法家蔡邕,古籍记载他“自矜能书,兼明斯籀之法,非得纨素,不妄下笔”,说他除了白色的细绢之外不轻易写字。从造价看,当然是绢贵纸贱,这显示出蔡邕对自己的地位和书法皆颇为得意,同时也说明了当时纸张并没有完全取代丝绢,人们还是将绢帛视为高级的写作材料,以示珍重。这种差异也一直延续到后世。值得一提的是,从保存的寿命上看,纸比绢的寿命要长得多。《古画品录》中说:“古画尤重纸上者。言纸得五百年,绢得三百年方坏。”这里的纸主要指作画用的宣纸,作者从存放时间的角度,提出了绢不如纸的观点。但结合如今的考古发现来看,宋元的一些刻本留存于今,早就有八百余年之久,纸张质量仍坚韧如初,可见“纸寿千年”的说法不虚。

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