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汉学,一条通往世界的桥梁

2017-08-18 16:07:11   中国青年网

■蔡辉

“近来欧美日本学者对于汉学的研究,极有贡献,他们的成绩传入中国,很与国内学者以刺激,使中国的史学也随之而进步。”1945年,顾颉刚先生如是说。

汉学,又称海外汉学,指中国本土之外国家的学者对中国古代文化、历史、文学等方面进行的研究。汉学与中国学的区别在于,前者关注古代,后者关注当代。

钱钟书先生曾说:“东海西海,心理攸同;南学北学,道术未裂。”意思是在学问层面,中外无别。那么,同是研究中国古代,为何还要将国学与汉学分列?

因为国学与汉学研究对象虽同,取径却不同。前者基础是“信”,后者基础是“疑”,故生产出来的知识彼此不同。

一回首已是百年身

汉学的萌芽或可追溯到公元七世纪初。随着遣唐使来到中国,日本朝野开始学习唐朝文化,但采用的仍是传统的学习方法,即通过背诵、体认与实践,使经典内化为行为准则,这与现代人理解的“学”判然有别。

开创汉学的是西方传教士罗明坚和利玛窦,二人均学贯中西。尤其是利玛窦,常年生活在中国,与士大夫往来密切,毅然抛弃意识形态的束缚,对中国文化有较细致、较深入的观察。深入了解后,他说“中国不仅是一个王国,中国其实就是一个世界”。

同时期朝鲜外交官也留下《朝天录》等,但利玛窦的观察方法不同。首先,将观察与评论清晰地区分开;其二,建立比较的框架;其三,重视确切数据;其四,注意概念辨析。

利玛窦展现了理性主义思想方法的魅力,既与传统士大夫所坚持的业余立场不同,又与普通工匠片面强调经验有别。

然而,因传教士内部派系纷争,罗马教廷与清廷产生“礼仪之争”。1706年,康熙宣布禁教,传教士开启的汉学传统至此中断。东西方文明因狭隘而擦肩而过,它们背离了自己最优秀儿女们的努力,当彼此再聚首时,只好用鸦片与大炮来完成对话(可参考《东方之旅》一书,柏理安著,江苏人民出版社)。

想凭汉学却艰难

鸦片战争后,西方汉学再入中国。在亡国灭种的压力下,前贤们亦求法于世界,始有西学东渐。汉学在西方属边缘学问,在西方主流学术和传统国学的两方面夹击下,直到清末民初,其风采才真正得以显扬。

在汉学影响下,“古史辨”堪称是最大成果。通过文献学方法,参以考古发现,对传统典籍进行全面重估。上千年来被认为是有序的、彼此关联的历史突然成了碎片,体现出理性主义强大的解构能力,由此也引发强烈的虚无主义情绪。

在此过程中,傅斯年的转向耐人寻味。在他身上,充分展现出西学与国学对个体的撕裂。

一方面,从接受的学术训练看,傅斯年很难信服钱穆式的“通”,认为想象多于证据,使历史变为个人期望的装饰品。

另一方面,深厚的传统国学根底又让傅斯年时时感到压力,他必须承担起自身的文化责任和时代责任。

前有“为万世开太平”的传统,后有国家危亡的使命感,傅斯年不得不抛弃“古史辨派”,转向“重构中国史”,希望以当时最优秀的学术成果来重塑民族精神。但学术是不断进步的,建构速度很难跟上解构,今天再看傅斯年先生当年的成果,大多已不太具说服力。

从更宏观的眼光看,傅斯年的困境带有必然性。宋代以降,经学衰落,已呈现出“以史补经”的趋势,可近代化是“三千年未遇之大变局”,溢出历史常轨之外,靠史学已无法解释。在近代化冲击下,国学在诸多方面均出现了解释困境。

傅斯年面对的是一个千年积累下的问题,非个人所能突破。(下转34版)

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