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中国多维扶贫走在世界前列

2017-08-16 16:47:00   国际在线

中国的多维扶贫已经走在世界前列。长期以来,国际社会一直采用单一的收入或消费指标来测量贫困。但在实践中人们发现,收入或消费只能反映贫困的一个方面。诺贝尔经济学奖得主阿玛蒂亚·森提出了“多维贫困”理念:贫困不仅仅是单一维度的收入不足,更重要的是没有能力获得教育、卫生、饮水等基本服务。此后,不少学者开始探索多维贫困的测量方法和评判标准。最近几年,国际上更是把“多维贫困”作为测度和评判贫困的现代新标准。回顾我国扶贫开发的历程不难发现,虽然我国没有明确公布多维扶贫标准,但在实践中开展的正是多维扶贫,并且积累了丰富的、可供各国借鉴的成功经验。

我国的扶贫目标包括提高收入、提升生活质量等多维标准。早在1986年国务院贫困地区经济开发领导小组(国务院扶贫开发领导小组前身)成立之时,就明确提出要从增加收入、提高教育水平、改善卫生条件、增加财政收入等多个角度推进减贫;1994年实施的《国家八七扶贫攻坚计划(1994—2000年)》提出,用7年时间解决贫困群众的温饱问题,并帮助他们改变教育、文化、卫生及基础设施落后的状况;2001年实施的《中国农村扶贫开发纲要(2001—2010年)》要求,提高贫困群众的生活质量和综合素质,逐步改善贫困地区经济、社会、文化落后的状况;2011年实施的《中国农村扶贫开发纲要(2011—2020年)》规定,到2020年要稳定实现扶贫对象不愁吃穿并保障其义务教育、基本医疗和住房等目标;2015年,在习近平同志关于精准扶贫的重要讲话精神指导下,我们党制定了精准扶贫工作的顶层设计,要求从多角度找准致贫原因、从多维度开展脱贫攻坚。可见,改革开放近40年来,我国的扶贫目标从来没有局限于提高贫困群众的收入,而是包括收入、教育、卫生、文化等多个维度,并不断丰富其内容。

我国的扶贫主体包括财政、民政、卫生等诸多部门和机构。只有各相关部门加强协调、共同参与,才能有效开展多维扶贫。教育部门解决教育资源不足问题,卫生部门应对因病致贫问题,金融部门处理生产生活融资困难问题,电力、水务、工商、文化及能源部门解决涉及贫困人口生活质量的其他问题。我国最初成立国务院贫困地区经济开发领导小组时,就规定其成员包括农业、教育、卫生、财政等多个政府部门。到2015年,国务院扶贫开发领导小组成员已经增加到包括政府部门、金融机构和社会组织在内的40多个。此外,我国还确定了中央统筹、省负总责、市县抓落实的工作机制,以及东西部协作和党政机关、部队、人民团体、国有企业定点扶贫机制,做到分工明确、责任清晰、任务到人、考核到位。这正是多维度扶贫的生动体现,也彰显出社会主义制度集中力量办大事的优越性。

 我国的扶贫方法包括产业开发、社会保障等。几十年来,我国总结并积累了多种有针对性、有实效的扶贫方法。特别是近年来,在精准扶贫思想的指导下,形成了更加积极有效的扶贫措施。在精准识别贫困家庭、从多个维度对致贫原因和贫困表现进行分析的基础上,各省区依据具体情况实施发展生产脱贫一批、异地搬迁脱贫一批、生态补偿脱贫一批、发展教育脱贫一批、社会保障兜底一批的“五个一批”工程,做到扶持对象精准、项目安排精准、资金使用精准、措施到户精准、因村派人精准、脱贫成效精准,有效解决了“扶持谁、谁来扶、怎么扶、如何退”的问题。

正是因为长期坚持多维扶贫,我国的扶贫开发事业取得了举世瞩目的伟大成就。改革开放近40年来,我国农村贫困人口减少7亿多,占全球减贫人口的70%以上;2013年至2016年,我国连续4年年度脱贫超过1200万人,累计脱贫5564万人,贫困发生率从2012年底的10.2%下降到2016年底的4.5%。这充分表明,在国际社会还在对多维贫困进行理论探索之时,我们党已经在实践中开创了多维扶贫的崭新事业。

(作者:陈宗胜为南开大学教授)

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