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吴人在长沙建有孙策庙

2017-08-18 06:32:53   中国青年网

工作人员认真清洗三国吴简。长沙简牍博物馆供图

长沙晚报记者 任波 通讯员 管震

从上月初开始,长沙简牍博物馆已完成基本陈列的调整和修改,近日以全新面貌迎接参观者。同时,“简博”读简研究工作也在继续深入进行当中,近年来不断有新的研究成果出现。早在公元6世纪初,北魏郦道元在《水经注》中就称:三国时期长沙建有孙坚庙。“简博”研究者日前在“读简”中却发现,三国时期,长沙城内还建有“长沙桓王”孙策之庙,这是一大发现。是前人郦道元将“长沙桓王”孙策庙误记为孙坚庙,还是长沙城内在当时既有孙坚庙,又有孙策庙?关于孙坚庙与孙策庙的创建经过,极有可能已成为一桩历史谜案,有待历史学家和历史爱好者共同去破译。

吴简记载,三国长沙曾建有“桓王”孙策庙

中国最著名的古典地理著作、北魏郦道元的《水经注》引用郭颁的《世语》说,三国时期魏黄初(公元220-226年)末年,吴人挖掘长沙城外吴芮的坟墓,把吴芮棺椁冢木搬进城里,修立孙坚庙。这则记载据说如今已遭遇三国走马楼吴简材料的挑战。

昨日,长沙简牍博物馆吴简研究工作者告知记者,他们在释读吴简时发现有这么两则记载,与《水经注》的记录大相径庭,这两则走马楼吴简的录文如下:

①万三千玉书言为桓王 1—5554

②万三千□书言 为桓王庙所出土负□□一万三千八百□□□□□曹掾典□□校书 1—6880

“简博”工作人员向记者解释,“玉书”应指皇帝诏书,“桓王庙”当指被追尊为“长沙桓王”的孙策之庙。也就是说,简博工作人员对数万片走马楼吴简的清理识读,并未能发现《水经注》提到的“孙坚庙”的记载,却意外发现长沙桓王孙策庙的记载。

或者,三国时期吴人在长沙修立的是“桓王”孙策庙,而不是“孙坚”庙?有关孙坚庙的记载,只是传世文献《水经注》转引郭颁《世语》中出现的史料错误。当初郭颁只是根据曹魏传闻,将长沙王吴芮墓被盗与长沙修立孙坚庙等事杂糅在一起,从而编造出来的传奇故事,不足为信。

孙坚庙可能失载,应早于孙策庙创建

根据两片简牍的记载,就认为《水经注》把孙策庙错记成孙坚庙的这一推断,“简博”内相当多的研究者并不太认同。

有工作人员称,孙坚是孙策的父亲,是三国时期吴国帝业的最早和最主要的奠基人。世上哪有孙权为他的哥哥孙策立庙,而不为父亲孙坚立庙的道理?并且,孙坚的事业就是从长沙起步的。唐诗中有所谓“天下起兵诛董卓,长沙子弟最先来”的名句,带领长沙子弟诛董卓的就是孙策和孙权的父亲孙坚。孙策与长沙的关系反倒不如孙坚更紧密。在长沙立庙,只立孙策,不立孙坚,肯定是说不过去的。

研究者更发现,《水经注》提到孙坚庙的创立,是在三国时期魏黄初(公元220-226年)末年。而孙权创立孙策庙则极有可能是在三国吴黄龙元年(魏太和三年、蜀建兴七年,即公元229年)前后。在吴黄龙元年四月丙申(公元229年5月23日),孙权在武昌城南举行郊祀大典,正式即皇帝位,改年号黄武为黄龙。孙权即位做皇帝,“正尊号”(即正名,补行皇帝就位大典)之时,孙权按照惯例“追尊父破虏将军(孙)坚为武烈皇帝”,同时追赠讨逆将军孙策为长沙桓王。

也就是说,孙权父亲孙坚的庙,极有可能在孙权补行皇帝就位大典的三年之前,已经在长沙城内修建了一个孙坚庙,而孙策庙则极有可能创立于孙权就要补行登基大典的前后,有可能孙坚庙和孙权庙并非同一时间创立。或者,目前发现的走马楼吴简中恰好就留下了创立长沙桓王孙策庙的记载,而暂时却找不到孙坚庙的记载。当然这也只是推测,一切有待于新的考古发现。

长沙简牍博物馆馆长李鄂权接受记者采访时说,其实,三国时期,长沙建有“长沙桓王”孙策庙,在长沙地方历史文献中从未有过记载,这本身也是简牍研究人员在“读简”中关于本地史志的新发现。

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