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美古关系重堕“冰河世纪”

2017-08-17 11:01:34   中国青年网

美国国务院发言人于日前证实,美国政府已于今年5月驱逐了两名古巴驻美国大使馆外交官,理由系此前多名美国驻古巴使馆人员的身体出现“异常状况”。特朗普就任美国总统后,美古关系波澜不断,此次公开承认驱逐外交官已然将先前的口头纠纷上升到外交冲突层面,让人不由得再次猜想:奥巴马政府苦心经营的“美古复交、关系回暖”,是否真的要在特朗普任期内彻底破灭。

美国国务院发言人希瑟·诺尔特在例行记者会上称,2016年后期开始,一些美国驻古巴使馆人员遭遇不明事件,出现“不至危及生命”的“多种症状”。在该“事件”出现后,美方于今年5月23日驱逐了两名古巴驻美国使馆外交人员。

至于这些所谓“事件”和“症状”的具体情况,诺尔特在记者会上则表示“尚无明确结论”,仅强调美方对这些“事件”非常重视。而在美联社随后的报道中,援引了一些美国官员的说法,称美国驻古巴外交官及家属由于“不明原因”出现了听力下降的症状。报道中还称,根据美方数月 以来的调查,该症状是由“先进声波武器”的秘密攻击所致。至于攻击者身份,美方则表示或为“古巴以外的第三国”。

古巴外交部随即发表声明,称美方驱逐古方外交官“毫无根据”,“古巴从未也永远不会允许在古巴领土上从事任何对外交人员或其家属不利的活动”。

特朗普就任美国总统后,完全不曾延续奥巴马政府对古重回友好的政策趋势,而是从言语到政策一派“反古”倾向。

2016年11月28日,古巴于哈瓦那革命广场举行了对已故领导人菲德尔·卡斯特罗的纪念活动。特朗普则在社交网络上发文称“卡斯特罗带来的牺牲和伤痛不会被抹平,美国将尽全力确保古巴人民能最终开启通向繁荣自由的进程”。尽管国际舆论认为这件“单一事件”不会改变古美关系正常化的大趋势,但特朗普毫不客气的表态却给正常化关系进程蒙上了一层阴影。

果不其然,今年6月16日,特朗普宣布撤销奥巴马政府与古巴方面达成的“完全不公平”协议,继续执行对古巴的经济、金融封锁和贸易禁运政策。这一明显具有倒退性质的政策调整激起了古巴方面的高度不安,古巴领导人劳尔·卡斯特罗7月14日发表讲话,称特朗普的政策无视美国大多数支持取消对古禁令、希望两国关系正常化公众的诉求。

此次美政府证实驱逐古巴外交官一事,显然是再次将美国对古巴不友好的明确态度公之于众。实际上,特朗普对古巴政策可从双边和地区两个层面理解。

从双边关系来看,特朗普自就任之初便毫不掩饰地表示了对奥巴马古巴政策的不认同。奥巴马在卸任前缓和美古关系、启动双边正常化,希望籍此为所在党派创造政治遗产,同时借助拉美各国政府“由左转右”的大趋势,开启美国“重返拉美”的政策。拥有商人惯性思维的特朗普视角则完全不同,对美国来说,积极与古巴复交固然名声好听,实质收益则着实难以保障,“赔本赚吆喝”这种事,特朗普绝不会欣然埋单。

而在地区层面,如果将美古双边关系置于拉美整体来看,特朗普的政策动因也就更为明晰:从就任之初提出建造美墨隔离墙,到收紧对古经贸外交政策,再到近日宣布对委内瑞拉实施制裁,特朗普对拉美地区的“敌意”显而易见。这一方面符合其“本土主义”和“保护主义”的整体布局,另一方面也是通过树立外部矛盾来转移国内问题。然而对拉美国家来说,原本由美拉双方各自让步和妥协搭建而成的平衡关系则完全被打破,拉美在对美关系上已经完全沦入“被动状态”,部分国家原先“倚靠美国”的想法也宣告破产,只得重新寻找新的合作对象和机遇。(记者 张峻榕)

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