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“无人超市”是一种进步

2017-08-16 09:57:27   中国青年网

江德斌

上个月推出“无人零售快闪店”引发关注后,阿里巴巴集团该项目负责人于8月14日宣布,将于年底前在杭州落成“全球第一家真正意义的无人零售实体店”,向消费者长期开放。

由于“无人超市”实现24小时无人值守营业,运营成本大幅降低;同样面积的店铺,可以上架更多品类商品,智能系统带来消费效率提升,单位坪效比更高,竞争力更强,会对传统超市形成巨大的冲击力。在“无人超市”对传统零售业的各项影响里,最受人关注的是就业问题。很多人质疑“无人超市”会导致大量零售服务人员失业,影响到整体就业水平。这个推论看似合理,实则是延续“机器取代人”思维,僵化看待技术进步的消极影响,却没有看到技术进步刺激更多就业机会的积极面,观点有失偏颇。

经济学家熊彼特说,“创新是创造,又是毁灭。”对旧方法和产品进行毁灭的同时,我们迎来对新方法和产品的创造,各种资源重新优化分配。“无人超市”就是典型的创造性毁灭,其确实会消灭部分低水平岗位,导致部分低端人口失业,却能够创造更多高水平岗位,对社会整体的贡献乃是正向效应。

2017年的阿里研究院《未来就业报告》显示,“在互联网行业中,每1个岗位消失,会新创造出2.6个新岗位”“每部署1个机器人,会创造出3.6个新岗位。”道理很简单,新经济会产生很多新的需求,重构创造新产业链,激活更多就业领域,促进劳动者能力升级,由旧经济领域转入新经济领域,实现人力资源的优化配置。这种创造性毁灭现象在历次产业革命过程中,都一再展现出来,激活效应大于消减效应,就业边界则在不断扩大,无数以前闻所未闻的职业种类,如雨后春笋般诞生,就业总量远超消失掉的工作岗位。

“无人超市”亦是如此,并非就是所谓的就业“杀手”,虽然不再需要简单机械劳动的售货员、收银员,淘汰掉低水平工种,但催生了智能物流管理员、智能仓库拣货员、数据分析师等新工种,技术能力要求高、收入更高、可持续性更强。这些看不到的智能后台岗位,则是确保“无人超市”正常运营的关键所在。

“机器取代人”是现实,也是社会进步的体现。面对未来,我们不应恐惧,应在“机器取代人”的压力下,养成终身学习的好习惯,持续努力提升个人能力,跟上技术进步的时代潮流,不要沦为《未来简史》中所称的“无用阶层”。

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