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“宫颈癌疫苗”来了,这些需要知道

2017-08-16 08:39:40   中国青年网

8月15日,一名女性在灞桥区十里铺长十路社区卫生服务站接种了第一针预防宫颈癌疫苗。

张梅 车喜韵

7月31日,葛兰素史克(GSK)在其官网宣布,旗下希瑞适(人乳头状瘤病毒疫苗[16型和18型])通过中国相关质检部门检验。这意味着中国内地首个获批HPV(致癌型人乳头瘤病毒)疫苗正式上市。据了解,我省的HPV疫苗大规模接种也将于近日启动。

这一期,我们就跟随省肿瘤医院妇瘤病院常务副院长李东红来了解一下近期广受关注的HPV疫苗。

女性健康的“杀手”

宫颈癌是最常见的妇科恶性肿瘤,是继乳腺癌之后的女性健康第二大“杀手”。HPV(致癌型人乳头瘤病毒)持续感染是宫颈癌的主要危险因素,90%以上的宫颈癌伴有高危型HPV感染。多个性伴侣、初次性生活小于16岁、初产年龄小、多孕多产等与宫颈癌发生密切相关。同时,吸烟、营养不良、卫生条件差等也可影响疾病的发生。

根据国家癌症中心公布的数据显示,2015年我国宫颈癌新发病例约10万例,死亡约3万例,意味着每天有近300名女性罹患宫颈癌、80余人死于该病。宫颈癌也是15岁至44岁女性的第三大高发癌症。

感染HPV病毒,发生宫颈病变具有很强的隐匿性,没有明显症状,很多宫颈癌患者在发现得病时已发展成晚期病变,治愈的可能性很小。因此,按时筛查和预防是“抵预”宫颈癌最有效的方式。

目前唯一有疫苗可预防的癌症

没有疫苗之前,女性预防宫颈癌主要是靠定期筛查和早发现、早干预,将病变阻断在早期阶段。新上市的疫苗可在有限时间内主动预防两种主要致癌病毒,从源头上遏制宫颈癌的发生,从而更有效地降低宫颈癌的发病。目前,宫颈癌是唯一有疫苗可预防的癌症。

HPV疫苗是宫颈癌疫苗的准确说法。目前,世界卫生组织明确的致癌型HPV病毒共有十几种,其中HPV16/18是导致宫颈癌最主要的型别,日前上市的宫颈癌疫苗就以HPV16/18两种病毒型别为靶向。多个临床试验结果均显示,该疫苗能够在有限的时间内有效预防HPV16/18感染及其导致的宫颈癌及癌前病变。

宫颈癌疫苗越早注射,尤其是有性生活之前接种,疫苗的保护作用就越强且越持久。因为HPV病毒主要通过性生活传播,疫苗也只有在感染前接种才能起到预防作用。因此,目前上市疫苗的适应人群9到25岁涵盖了疫苗最具保护效力的人群。

仍需定期筛查

接种HPV疫苗后,定期筛查仍必不可少。HPV疫苗虽然可以预防导致宫颈癌的主要病毒,但仍有少部分致癌病毒型别未被覆盖。因此,即使接种了疫苗,女性仍然存在发生HPV病毒感染和宫颈病变的可能性。为了全面预防宫颈癌的发生,女性在接种疫苗后仍需坚持定期筛查,但是筛查间隔可以适当延长。而对于超出年龄范围的女性,定期筛查仍然是降低宫颈癌发病的最有效方式。

关于疫苗

该疫苗是二类收费疫苗。西安灞桥区部分医院社区已开始接种,据悉8月15日,在灞桥区十里铺长十路社区卫生服务站已经有人开始接种。我们了解到一剂是687元,经过3剂免疫接种程序的总价为2061元。由于宫颈癌疫苗刚到陕西,下周省疾控中心门诊、医院的正规预防接种门诊均可接种。由于首批进入的疫苗有限,且厂家在中国申请的接种人群是9至25岁。因此,目前超龄人群不能接种。疫苗采用3剂免疫接种程序,打在胳膊上,按照0、1、6的接种程序。也就是说,第1剂和第2剂间隔1个月,第2和第3剂间隔5个月,3剂接种完毕需半年时间。

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