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不要让单边主义损害中美经贸大局

2017-08-16 07:30:25   中国青年网

美国总统特朗普8月14日签署行政备忘录,授权美国贸易代表莱特希泽审查所谓的“中国贸易行为”,包括中国在技术转让等知识产权领域的做法。此前有分析人士称,莱特希泽可能对中国发起所谓的“301调查”。此举已引发各界对美国采取单边行动损害中美经贸关系的担忧。

所谓的“301调查”源自美国《1974年贸易法》第301条。该条款授权美国贸易代表可对他国的“不合理或不公正贸易做法”发起调查,并可在调查结束后建议美国总统实施单边制裁,包括撤销贸易优惠、征收报复性关税等。

诞生于上世纪冷战时期的“301调查”在上世纪80年代的美日贸易纠纷中被多次使用,并曾引发国际社会强烈不满,因为这一调查具有极强的单边主义色彩。

美国彼得森国际经济研究所高级研究员查德·鲍恩形容说,在这一调查中,美国政府既是警察(判断外国政府是否有错)、又是检察官(提起诉讼)、又是陪审团(甄别证据)、又是法官(决定是否采取报复性措施)。

这种单边主义色彩浓厚的举措与全球化现实格格不入,因此在1995年世贸组织成立后,“301调查”就基本被美国政府束之高阁。世贸组织争端解决机制成为全球各国解决贸易纠纷的权威平台。正如上世纪90年代初美国贸易代表卡拉·希尔斯所说:“没有世贸组织,将是丛林法则。”

事实上,除了可能的“301调查”外,美国政府已对中国开展了其他类似调查,包括商务部正在进行的对钢铁和铝进口产品是否威胁美国国家安全的“232调查”,以及国际贸易委员正在进行的对光伏电池及组件采取紧急限制进口措施的“201调查”。

这些调查的共同之处在于:均具有很强的单边主义色彩,并且所援引的都是诞生于冷战时期、在世贸组织成立后很少使用的法律。美国政府大规模“复活”这些尘封的法律工具来处理经贸问题的做法,引发各方担忧。

任何世贸组织成员采取的贸易措施,都应该遵守世贸组织的规则。中美经贸关系是中美关系的压舱石和推进器,对于双方来说,合则两利,斗则俱伤。作为全球前两大经济体,中美对于维护国际多边贸易体系的稳定至关重要。在全球化日益深化发展的今天,共同维护平等开放的多边贸易体制,捍卫以规则为基础的多边争端解决机制是中美两国义不容辞的责任。

单就中美经贸关系来看,单边主义行为也绝不可能解决两国存在的经贸失衡问题。今天的中国经济规模更为庞大,已经成为世界第二大经济体,中美两国的经贸关系也更加交融。过去30多年中美双边贸易额增长了200多倍,去年双边贸易额已超过5500亿美元,截至去年底双向投资累计超过1700亿美元。面对全球最重要的双边经贸关系,诉诸过时的单边主义举措不仅伤人,更会害己。

(新华社华盛顿8月14日电)

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