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京东二季度亏损还是盈利 不同口径数据如何读懂

2017-08-15 16:16:32   央广网

8月14日晚,京东集团发布了截至2017年6月30日的第二季度业绩。财报显示,按照行业口径,京东2017年第二季度交易总额为3353亿元人民币。美国通用会计准则下(GAAP)持续经营业务净亏损为2.870亿元人民币,去年同期持续经营业务净利润为1.276亿元人民币。非美国通用会计准则下(Non-GAAP)净利润为9.765亿元人民币,去年同期非美国通用会计准则下(Non-GAAP)净利润为6.126亿元人民币。

两个不同的口径,一个盈利一个亏损。要搞懂京东到底在第二季度赚钱还是不赚钱,还需要从GAAP和 Non-GAAP两个不同维度说起。

GAAP二季度亏损应该怎么看

在中国,电商盈利有明显的季节性,二四季度由于“6.18”、“双11”等促销季,各家电商都会大幅提高推广费用,并开启大规模促销,以让利的方式促进销售额的增长。因此,二四季度的财务数据相比一三季度会出现营销费用大涨的情况,这也影响到了盈利的数字。

因此,要把握电商的经营和盈利情况,比较的标准就很重要,不应该用二季度对比一季度,而用半年数字的比较更为准确。以京东今年上半年对比去年上半年的数字来看,GAAP下2017年京东一二季度相加实现盈利6870万元人民币,而同一口径下2016年一二季度相加亏损了7.822亿人民币,这说明京东GAAP下盈利情况的有改善。

而以这个趋势判断,从全年来看,2017年全年的利润状况也将好于去年。另外2017年一季度的盈利情况向好,二季度促销就大幅让利给消费者,则是京东以规模效应换取长期发展的战略。

 GAAP和Non-GAAP的差额来自哪里

按照Non-GAAP计算,京东二季度的净利润为9.765亿元,而GAAP下二季度则是净亏损2.87亿元。两个口径下出现出现了12.635亿元的差额。

那这部分差额又是如何产生的?

翻阅财报可以发现,本季度Non-GAAP口径下主要的调整项来自股权激励和因资产和业务收购而产生的无形资产摊销,其中股权激励支出7.472亿元,无形资产摊销支出4.426亿元,两项支出就接近12亿元。

另外,由于股权激励实际不涉及现金支出,这部分的“钱”实际还是留在企业内部的,这也是一般认为不计入这部分支出的Non-GAAP口径更能反映企业真实经营状况的原因。

背后的逻辑在于,对国内的互联网公司而言,股权激励是稳定企业人才的利器,一个健康的股权结构也是企业长久发展的基石。使用股权激励的方式,既能解决招人留人的问题,同时一定程度上可以优化公司的薪酬结构。

此外,财报显示京东的营销费用在这个季度达到41亿元人民币,同比增长了63%。41亿元的营销费用支出也打破了京东单个季度下的营销费用支出纪录,这一纪录刚刚由去年双11所在的第四季度被创造出,当时的数字是35亿元。

由于营销费用大部分被用于推广和第三方商家的合作营销,同时要向消费者让利,因此也可以看出企业对于自己传统的6?18促销季的重视和让利程度。

 财报中的核心数据很重要

除了上述因素,考虑到2017年第二季度京东继续提升自己的物流网络优势,在全国运营的大型仓库数量升至335个,面积从580万平方米增加到710万平方米,这部分仓储面积的投资也不容小视。

因此,第二季度出现了小体量的GAAP下亏损,应多维度看待。这个季度京东的GMV同比增长46%,净收入同比增长43.6%,订单量同比增长41%,活跃用户数同比增长37%,第三方平台交易总额增长50%,日用商品及其他品类商品的交易总额增长55%——这些核心数据对资本市场而言,比单纯的盈利或者亏损更加重要。

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