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团城的两件国宝从何而来

2017-08-14 16:03:08   中国青年网

北海公园团城里的渎山大玉海,现被玻璃罩保护起来。

北海公园团城里的渎山大玉海,现被玻璃罩保护起来。

团城在北海公园南门西侧,具有悠久的历史。辽金时代它是琼华岛前水中的一个小岛。元代时称园坻,岛上主要建筑称仪天殿,西南角有木桥与岸相连。明代时将木桥的位置填为平地,岛成为半岛,并用城砖砌成一个圆形小城,基本上形成现在的形式。明代时还将仪天殿重修,改名承光殿。清代重修承光殿。承光殿内,供奉着一尊白玉佛,而殿前有玉瓮亭一座,亭中汉白玉的石座上放置着一个大玉钵,这两个文物都是国宝。

它们从何而来,又有着怎样的经历?

北海团城承光殿的白玉佛最初供奉在西直门附近的一个小庙中。西直门内大街北侧玉芙胡同里,有一座建于明代的小庙:伏魔庵。清末,伏魔庵的住持是灵辉和尚。灵辉和尚的师弟明宽,与大太监李莲英结识。明宽甚至将自己主持的海淀关帝庙献给李莲英建私宅。光绪二十四年(1898年),明宽在缅甸募化到一尊精美的玉佛,运回北京后,供奉在他师兄灵辉和尚住持的伏魔庵中。

伏魔庵供奉玉佛的消息不胫而走,很快轰动京城,最后惊动了慈禧。慈禧将白玉佛安置在团城的承光殿,并重修了伏魔庵,赐名为玉佛寺。后来这条胡同也改为玉佛寺胡同,1965年按谐音改称玉芙胡同。

玉佛供奉在团城承光殿不久,八国联军就入侵北京。他们到处烧杀劫掠,玉佛也没有幸免。在洗劫团城时,有一入侵者妄图砍下玉佛的左臂,虽未达到目的,玉佛左臂上仍留下了深深的刀痕。后虽经修复,伤痕犹在。这是侵略者为中华民族留下的历史的伤痕。

在团城承光殿前有一座蓝色琉璃瓦的石亭,它就是著名的玉瓮亭。亭中汉白玉的石座上放置着一个大玉钵,这便是我国体积最大的传世玉器——渎山大玉海。

渎山大玉海由整块玉料雕成,形如一椭圆形钵。墨绿色的器身上带有白色、黑色等多色玉纹,外壁有通体的精美浮雕,从口沿到钵底都刻有翻腾的海水纹,海马、海鹿、蛟龙等出没于惊涛骇浪中,形象生动,气势磅礴。

大玉海是何时制成?最初的用处是什么?是何时置于团城?这里面有一个长达700多年的故事。

元世祖忽必烈入主中原后,在建大都时,以金代的琼华岛为中心,将琼华岛改名万寿山,于山的最高处建起广寒殿(约在北海白塔的位置)。他要在这里大宴群臣,为此,他命数十名工匠,花了五年时间,将一块整玉雕成一巨大酒瓮,酒瓮重达3500公斤,可盛酒三十石,忽必烈大喜,命名为渎山大玉海。《元史》中特作记载:“至元二年(1265年)十二月,渎山大玉海成,敕置广寒殿。”300多年后,明万历年间,广寒殿倒塌,大玉海不知去向。

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