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需求即将见顶 原油转头下行

2017-08-14 10:13:57   中国经济网

美国产量可能收缩是做空的风险点

季节性需求旺盛是前期支持油价回升的主要力量之一。而进入8月,需求面临拐点,油价运行逻辑也将改变。

传统旺季临近尾声

4—9月是美国汽油消费的传统旺季,原油和汽油库存持续被消耗,市场形成汽油需求启动、炼厂开工率上升、油品库存回落的特点,进而支撑油价强势运行。然而,2017年的情况与往年稍显不同。2017年4—6月,原油价格上涨,汽油价格随之攀升,加之燃油效率提升和移民政策发力,汽油需求仍显疲弱。而后,需求不振和限产执行不力导致原油价格走低,汽油价格也低于2016年同期水平。不过,随着阵亡将士纪念日和独立日假期的到来,出行人数创新高,需求启动,并加速增长。炼厂利润开始回升,开工率逐渐提高,原油消耗能力增加。截至8月4日当周,美国商业原油库存连续六周下降,累计降幅为3377.6万桶,低于2016年同期水平;汽油库存连续八周下降,累计降幅为1134.1万桶。在需求好转的提振下,油价回升。

需要注意,美国公路出行里程数一般在8月中旬触及年内高点,这意味着汽油需求即将见顶。以EIA的数据为例,虽原油库存下降,但汽油库存出现342万桶的增加,汽油需求在连续两周增长后回落4.5万桶/天,至979.7万桶/天。汽油需求和汽油库存的变化印证了笔者对美国季节性需求强弩之末的判断。预计8月中旬,汽油需求萎缩,炼厂利润收窄,原油消耗减少,库存开始累积。再考虑到炼厂会在9月进行大规模检修,原油市场进一步承压。

OPEC限产上限被打破

OPEC的最新月报显示,该组织原油产量为3271万桶/天(不含赤道几内亚),在豁免国增产的推动下,产量连续第二月攀升,并首次超过3250万桶/天的限产上限,限产协议的支撑作用正在减弱。

限产相关国正尝试挽回信誉,7月底的限产监督会议、8月初的限产执行讨论会反复提及严格限产,限产豁免国尼日利亚也给出产量到180万桶/天就考虑限产的承诺。但是,利比亚尚未表态,限产协议如何延续、限产期限是否延长仍不明朗。

美国产量增速将持续放缓

早前,原油价格在50美元/桶上方时,美国原油生产加速复苏,产量持续增加。之后,由于价格未能突破55美元/桶,原油生产增长仅集中于Permian这类高经济效益地区。在此环境下,全美在线钻井平台增速放缓,大量钻井转换为未完井。当前,价格在50美元/桶徘徊,原油产量增速将持续放缓。值得一提的是,近期,由于阿拉斯加地区的产量骤降,美国原油产量小幅回落。后期美国原油产量的变动需要密切关注。

总体而言,中短期来看,季节性消费旺季即将结束,限产效应再次发力前,原油价格承压。不过,美国原油产量增速放缓是做空的风险点,交易时需关注美国原油产量的变化。

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