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应将保荐人纳入欺诈发行罪规制范围

2017-08-14 08:18:22   中国青年网

近年来,随着股票发行制度的改革,证监会的角色也将发生重要变化,将不再对拟上市公司的盈利能力、内部管理及投资价值等方面作判断,仅对发行申请文件和信息披露内容的合法性、合规性进行审核,而保荐人的职责则进一步扩大,须对发行人的申请文件和信息披露资料进行审慎核查,督导发行人规范运作,对其他中介机构出具的专业意见进行核查,对发行人是否具备持续盈利能力、是否符合发行条件作出专业判断。可以说,股票发行制度改革后的保荐人对于证券发行成功与否起着举足轻重的作用,但是职权的扩大也意味着责任必须加重。

对于保荐人欺诈发行股票是否应追究刑事责任,目前法律没有明确规定,我国刑法第160条规定了欺诈发行股票、债券罪,明确在招股说明书、认股书、公司企业债券募集办法中隐瞒重要事实或者编造重大虚假内容,发行股票或者公司、企业债券,数额巨大、后果严重或者有其他严重情节的承担刑事责任。证券法第189条规定的欺诈发行责任主体有二:一是发行人及其直接负责的主管人员和其他直接责任人员;二是控股股东、实际控制人及其直接负责的主管人员和其他直接责任人员,但以其“指使”发行人从事欺诈发行为限。但没有规定保荐人是否属于欺诈发行的责任主体,对于保荐人在股票发行中的责任,证券法第192条规定,保荐人出具有虚假记载、误导性陈述或者重大遗漏的保荐书,或者不履行其他法定职责的,可以给予警告、没收业务收入、罚款、暂停或者撤销资格等行政处罚,未明确是否可以入刑。所以,无论是刑法还是证券法,都没有将保荐人纳入欺诈发行的主体范围,仅规定了保荐人出具虚假保荐书的行政责任。

从司法实践来看,承担欺诈发行刑事责任的主体主要是发行人以及实际控制人,保荐人及其保荐代理人、中介机构主要承担行政责任。比如,在云南“绿大地”欺诈发行案中,证监会即以违反证券法第192条为由,对保荐人予以行政处罚,对保荐代理人予以警告和罚款,但并未移送司法机关追究刑事责任。

保荐人在欺诈发行中刑事责任的缺位与世界潮流不符。2004年我国证券市场正式实行证券发行保荐制度,保荐人主要承担证券发行的推荐和担保责任,根据证券法第11条第2款规定,保荐人应当遵守业务规则和行业规范,诚实守信,勤勉尽责,对发行人的申请文件和信息披露资料进行审慎核查,督导发行人规范运作。但是,有些保荐人只注重利益和发行,不注重责任,不注重督导,在保荐上市过程中,未能履行勤勉尽责的职责几乎已经成为保荐行业的通病,而且,实践中对于保荐机构的监管和惩罚是远远不够的。在美国、新加坡等地,相关法律均明确规定,保荐机构在发行过程中虚假陈述的,应予承担刑事责任。

笔者认为,保荐人欺诈发行刑事责任的缺位,无法对保荐人的严重违法行为追究刑事责任,最终将无法有效保障证券市场的健康和有序发展。从法律法规条文本身来说,保荐人及其代表人作为招股说明书、认股书的制作主体,应对其签字负责,如有隐瞒或者编造行为理应承担刑事责任,应将保荐人纳入欺诈发行罪的规制范围。保荐人及其代理人在证券上市中起着非常关键的作用,保荐人及其代理人在发行审核上也起着举足轻重的作用,近年来数起欺诈发行案件中,均存在着保荐人及其代理人怠于监管的现象。股票发行制度改革,证监会将发行条件的判断权交给保荐机构,保荐人及其代理人的权力和责任进一步加大,将其纳入欺诈发行股票罪的规制范围有其必要性,一方面可以通过刑罚的威慑力督促其发挥“把关人”的作用;另一方面对于情节严重的违法行为纳入刑法规制,以实现权责统一。

(作者单位:上海市虹口区人民检察院)

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