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纪录电影里的生态中国

2017-08-14 04:17:49   中国青年网

《冈仁波齐》

电影《冈仁波齐》还在上演中,关于它的各种讨论也在盛夏中不断升温。讨论的焦点之一主要围绕影片反映的雪域高原藏民族的信仰问题,然而笔者关注的却是另一个问题,即电影的生态叙事。这部取材于真实生活的电影更像是纪录片,或者应当称其为纪录电影。因为整部影片中,演员、场景、光线等全部处于自然状态,技术退场,故事隐身,留下的只是“单纯”的纪录。同时,影片所反映的藏民族古老的信仰,与其说是对神的崇拜,不如说是古老的自然崇拜,是对藏民族生态文明的一种展现,其中既有自然生态的充分展示,又有精神生态的精心叙述。

从这部电影出发,笔者发现,近年来影视作品中的生态叙事越来越浓,从2007年首部大型自然类生态纪录片《森林之歌》起,到2012年的《美丽中国》《大地寻梦》《唤醒绿色虎》《环球同此凉热》,2013年的《守望》,2014年的《美丽克什克腾》,2015年的《第三极》,直到2016年的《自然的力量》,生态类型的纪录片已经蔚然成风。从生态角度进行叙事的纪录片几乎成为一种风尚,比如《舌尖上的中国》就是人与自然和谐共处的生态视角进行拍摄的,体现了中国传统文化中“道法自然”的生态精神。与此同时,纪录电影也开始陆续搬上荧幕,如2013年的《乡村里的中国》、2016年的《我们诞生在中国》和今年的《冈仁波齐》,则用非虚构的方式叙述了人们心中的生态存在。可以说,这些影视作品已经逐渐建构起今天的生态中国。

一般来说,纪录片包括纪录电影旨在真实地呈现世界,作品中的人、事、物及信息是值得信任的,它们反映和构建了一个真实的世界。这个世界或许是我们批判的(《乡村里的中国》),或许是我们希冀的(《我们诞生在中国》)。创作者对生态的概念和范畴理解不同,影视作品的立场和态度就会有所差异,其感染力和传播力也会不一样,当然,影片中存在的问题也非常醒目。

纪录电影《乡村里的中国》记录的是山东一个小山村一年里的变化与发展。全片以村民种植苹果为主线,涉及到古树被挖被卖、筹备建设旅游观光中心等生态话题,真实再现了当代中国农民的生存状态,影像叙事中充满城乡冲突,乡土风光被精心剪裁。其生态叙事从自然的整体性角度出发,审视生态环境中的每一种存在,严格限定人类生活,把人类活动看做生态环境中的一部分。然而,与大多数非虚构影像作品一样,这些反思性话语的背后,主导性的话语依然是资源占有问题,生态被转换为资源,生态保护也随之转变为资源保护,叙事的结构演变为当前利益与长远利益之间的博弈,深陷于“人类中心主义”的泥淖。这是值得反思的。

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