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以历史视野观照京津冀城市群

2017-08-14 03:28:06   中国青年网

魏占杰 彭秀良

我们今天所说的京津冀城市群,是一个地理学概念。从这个意义上界划京津冀城市群的组成单元,包括北京、天津这两个超大城市,石家庄、唐山两个特大城市,保定、张家口、秦皇岛三个大城市,沧州、承德、廊坊三个中等城市,以及迁安、遵化、三河、涿州、高碑店、安国、定州、新乐、霸州、任丘、河间、黄骅、深州、晋州、平泉15个小城市,总共25个城市。雄安新区将成为这组城市当中的第26位成员,当然它的规模可能会归入大城市之列。

抛开京津冀城市群中15个小城市的历史由来不论,其他10个城市根据各自的发展历程,可区分为三种不同的类型,即传统意义上的古城、天津开埠后新兴的工商业城市和新中国成立后发展起来的城市。

在京津冀城市群当中,传统意义上的古城有三座:北京、保定与承德,历史上它们主要承担着政治职能。北京是京津冀城市群当中最早形成规模的城市。元代,北京被称为大都,但未能带动周边城镇群的兴起。明永乐十九年(1421年),明成祖朱棣迁都北京,拉开了京津冀城市群崛起的序幕。

明代的京津冀地区属于京师管辖,也称北直隶,领8府、2直隶州、17属州、116县。保定即为明代京师所领8府之一。明代中前期,有蒙古族人的扰边之患;后期,又有农民起义军进犯京师之忧,保定拱卫帝都的军事意义不言而喻。到了清代,保定的军事地理位置更加重要。清康熙八年(1669年),直隶巡抚由正定移驻保定城后,保定开始以直隶省省会的身份出现在历史舞台上。清雍正二年(1724年),升直隶巡抚为直隶总督,仍驻保定。此后直至清末,便一直沿袭着直隶总督督管直隶全省的制度。成为直隶省省会的保定不仅承担着直隶省的行政管理、征收赋税和司法审判等职能,且承接了首都北京扩散出来的部分政治、文化教育职能,是北京的政治辅助城市。

承德则是作为清政权“第二政治中心”的角色被建立起来的。始建于清康熙四十二年(1703年)的避暑山庄,揭开了承德的城市发展进程,清政府在这里设立了一系列政治机构,为宫廷服务的仓库、皇庄和商业活动也发展起来。著名历史地理学家侯仁之认为:“避暑山庄自建成后,遂成为仅次于北京的一个重要政治中心,而承德这个城市的兴起,从一开始就是为这个政治中心服务的。这是承德城市发展的一大特点。”其实,不单单承德是为北京这个政治中心服务的,天津开埠前京津冀城市群中大多数城市的发展都是围绕着北京的需求这一中心目标展开的,尤以明代的卫所最为典型。

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