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让“老经济”释放出“新动能”

2017-08-14 03:28:04   中国青年网

刘世锦

中国经济在一两年内进入中速平稳增长期,是一个大概率事件。那时,中国经济发展将会处在一个新的起点上,同时中速增长期的动能问题也就凸现出来了。

目前中国人均收入水平约为8000美元,而美国超过5万美元,其他发达国家也在4万美元以上。这就决定了总体上中国仍处在追赶期,增长动能部分来自于既有经济部门的效率提升;部分来自于发展对中国来说是“新”,但在发达国家属于“老”的产业,主要是服务业;还有部分来自于创新前沿的成果。大部分增长动能还是来自前两部分,或者说源于广义上的“老经济”。

如何使“老经济”释放出“新动能”,关键是“老经济”要加上新体制、新机制、新技术、新商业模式。做好这个“加法”,将是下一步供给侧结构性改革的主要任务。从这个角度着眼,中速增长期的“新动能”大体上分布在以下领域。

一是基础产业进一步打破行政性垄断,开放、改革、竞争。分析社会生产运营成本结构,能源、电信、运输、融资等成本占有相当大比重。这部分成本降不下来,与这些领域不同程度存在行政性垄断问题直接相关。因此,可在基础产业领域采取一系列实质性或标志性的改革举措,如放宽准入。从实际经验看,在国企垄断的行业中引入非国有企业,易于操作并取得成效。这类改革在提高行业效率的同时,也将带来可观的投资增量。有效的供给侧改革将扩大有效需求,这就是供给侧改革中供求双方的辩证法。从供给侧改革的近期任务看,基础产业的改革将成为降低全社会生产运营成本的最重要举措。

二是在经济转型过程中经由分化而带动的优势企业成长。近期,地区和产业发展中的一个重要特点是分化,在部分企业盈利回升的同时,另外一些企业日子并不好过。当需求相对收缩、供给侧竞争加剧之后,分化就不可避免。那些在转型升级或创新方面率先行动的企业会形成新的竞争优势,反应迟缓或不行动者将“被组合”或淘汰出局。转型升级、创新驱动,需要一个具有强制力的机制或环境。供给侧竞争加剧就是提供了这样一种机制或环境。在此意义上说,转型升级、创新驱动是被“逼”出来的。供给侧改革中的“去产能”“去库存”“去杠杆”,正是供给侧竞争加剧机制起作用后产生的要求。这套机制的有效性,将取决于与优胜劣汰、优化资源配置相适应的筛选准则和市场纪律。

三是进一步对外对内开放促进服务业增长。与发达国家相比,中国服务业占GDP的比重还有至少20个百分点的上升空间。生产性服务业是增长潜力最大的领域,其中包括研发、金融、物流、信息服务等行业。另一个重要的增长领域是与居民消费结构升级相关的行业,如医疗卫生、养老、教育培训、文化娱乐、体育等行业。我认为,由工业为主的发展模式向服务业为主的发展模式转变势在必行。进一步扩大服务业对外开放,仍具有不可替代的先导性和开拓性。通过独资、合资、合作等方式创办多种类型的服务性企业、机构等,尤为重要。以对外开放带动对内开放和改革,打破服务业中的行政性垄断和不当限制,吸引社会资本更多进入服务业,推动公共资源、公共产品的市场化配置,形成服务业生产率全面提升的长效机制。

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