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盗墓小说《鬼吹灯》 为什么这么流行?

2017-08-11 16:26:46   中国青年网

何殊我

盗墓题材小说《鬼吹灯》这两年火得很。陆川改编的《九层妖塔》、乌尔善的《寻龙诀》、爱奇艺的网剧《鬼吹灯之牧野诡事》、腾讯视频的网剧《鬼吹灯之精绝古城》和《鬼吹灯之黄皮子坟》,再加上各类舞台剧、游戏,让这个盗墓题材的IP一时风头无两。

为什么?作为一个文学类型,盗墓题材的小说在中国长期没有得到发展,这对于崇尚厚葬传统的中国实在有点匪夷所思。虽然中国人历来把孔夫子的“子不语怪力乱神”挂在嘴上,但是丝毫没妨碍古代种类繁多的志怪小说出了一茬又一茬,而且百分之九十九还都是出自读书人之手:张华、颜之推、干宝、陶潜、牛僧孺、洪迈、蒲松龄、纪晓岚、宣鼎、袁枚……有的搜集民间故事,有的坐在屋里自己虚构,汗牛充栋的志怪小说很少有重样的。做得最绝的是袁枚,既然孔圣人不喜欢,那索性书名就叫《子不语》。

志怪小说为什么这么盛行?鲁迅的观点比较有说服力,他在《中国小说史略》中分析说:“中国本信巫,秦汉以来,神仙之说盛行,汉末又大畅巫风,而鬼道愈炽;会小乘佛教亦入中土,渐见流传。凡此皆张皇鬼神,称道灵异,故自晋迄隋,特多鬼神志怪之书。其书有出于文人者,有出于教徒者。文人之作,虽非如释道二家,意在自神其教,然亦非有意为小说,盖当时以为幽明虽殊途,而人鬼乃皆实有,故其叙述异事,与记载人间常事,自视固无诚妄之别矣。”

即便如此,这些文学作品中盗墓题材的也不多见,有也是零零散散的,当成鬼怪故事的周边产物。陪葬的珍贵宝物、墓地的幽暗属性再加上猎奇心理,按理说在志怪热潮下这类故事应该占大头。但是在封建社会没见到,近现代二三十年代的市民文学兴盛时期没见到,上世纪八九十年代的市场改革时期也没见到。

其中原因,可能是因为一方面古代对盗墓实行严刑峻法,比较有威慑力,另一方面中国人被土地束缚的比较紧,祖宗之地不可动,而且墓里面的故事天然就与鬼故事有关吧——确实,现在盗墓小说中出现很多的千年僵尸、“大粽子”一类的怪物,在古代志怪文学中就不多见。而爱好这个文学门类的书生秀才们,既没有见过皇家的真正豪奢,也没有见过堆成山的金银珠宝吧。传统社会强调道德立国,挖坟掘墓的事儿与传统道德极其相悖,所以同类题材不多。零零散散的有一些也是在官府文书中对着判例出现,很少见诸民间。

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