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最原始的滑翔哺乳动物露真容
2017-08-11 15:51:45 中国青年网
似叉骨祖翼兽复原图 赵闯 绘
双钵翔齿兽复原图 赵闯 绘
似叉骨祖翼兽复原图 赵闯 绘
双钵翔齿兽复原图 赵闯 绘
由北京自然博物馆、美国芝加哥大学和河北地质大学组成的国际合作团队,在我国辽宁省建昌县和河北省青龙县距今约1.6亿年的晚侏罗世地层中,发现两种最原始的、具有皮翼的滑翔哺乳型动物化石。
新发现的滑翔动物属于哺乳型动物基干支系,也是现代哺乳动物的祖先类群,它们均为哺乳动物演化树的早期分化绝灭支系——贼兽类的新属种,分别被命名为似叉骨祖翼兽和双钵翔齿兽。
该重大研究成果相关论文发表在最新一期的国际权威学术期刊《自然》杂志,新发现的化石标本保存在北京自然博物馆。
会飞行的树栖属种
据北京自然博物馆馆长孟庆金介绍,新发现的祖翼兽体重大约120克至170克,在中生代哺乳动物中属中等体型;而翔齿兽则为典型的中生代小哺乳动物体型,体重大约35克至55克。祖翼兽和翔齿兽化石标本都非常精美地保存了皮膜和毛发的结构,这些皮翼连接在颈部、前后肢和尾椎之间,形成前皮翼(膜)、侧皮翼(膜)和尾皮翼(膜),与现生哺乳动物的滑翔皮翼(膜)相似。
新化石属种的另一特征是其锁骨与间锁骨已经愈合,形成“Y”的形状,与飞行的鸟的叉骨形状相似趋同。祖翼兽和翔齿兽的其它前肢骨关节显现出灵活的运动特点,其四肢骨骼的比例具有许多与滑翔功能相关的形态特征,充分表明这些新化石哺乳型动物是滑翔动物。科学家推断它们是已具有飞行能力的树栖属种,同时进一步推断其它的一些贼兽属种是适于树栖生活的类群,但不太可能具有飞行能力。这表明新的滑翔的祖翼兽和翔齿兽是树栖贼兽类群中的一部分,是从树栖生活的贼兽祖先类群演变而来的。
类似现代滑翔哺乳动物
新发现的滑翔哺乳型动物与多种现生的飞翔动物的牙齿形态趋同相似,但翔齿兽牙齿的咬合模式十分独特,具有相对上下臼齿的双重研磨与捣碎食物的功能,这也表明翔齿兽属于植食性动物。孟庆金介绍,滑翔行动方式与植物食性相组合,是现代滑翔哺乳动物生活方式的一个重要特点。祖翼兽和翔齿兽的食性以植食性为主,兼有杂食性,且具有滑翔飞行能力,也与现代滑翔哺乳动物相似。
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