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政府数据开放的边界如何厘定
2017-08-11 11:44:43 中国青年网
原标题:政府数据开放的边界如何厘定
2015年国务院《促进大数据发展行动纲要》将“加快政府数据开放共享”放在首位,推动政府信息系统和公共数据互联共享,消除信息孤岛,同时优先推动交通、医疗、就业、社保等民生领域的政府数据向社会开放。为解决政府部门之间的数据共享难题,2016年9月,国务院又发布了《政务信息资源共享管理暂行办法》,进一步推进政府数据开放。2017年2月,中央全面深化改革领导小组提出《关于推进公共信息资源开放的若干意见》,进一步强化信息资源深度整合,进一步促进信息惠民,进一步发挥数据大国、大市场优势,促进信息资源规模化创新应用,着力推进重点领域公共信息资源开放,释放经济价值和社会效应。因而政府必须对数据开放及相关制度有全面深刻的理解,才能正确地实施数据开放战略。
加快从信息公开到政府数据开放的步伐
政府率先垂范、开放数据、释放数据红利,是各国实施大数据战略、推进经济转型升级的重要手段。不过,数据开放绝不是信息公开的“扩展版”,而是服务于大数据战略的重大举措。
开放数据之所以在政府领域得以较快的落实,是因为开放数据与政府信息公开一脉相承,借政府长期推行的信息公开政策可以顺理成章地进一步推进政府数据开放。但是,数据开放与信息公开的定位和目标是不同的。如果说信息公开是民主政府建设的要求,旨在实现公民知情权等民主权利的话,数据开放则是适应大数据时代的一项公共政策,旨在实现政府数据为社会的最大化利用,以此释放数据红利。这是因为政府掌握着大量数据,这些数据要么成为其他数据应用的基础,要么直接具有进一步开发利用的价值,开放这些数据可以形成大数据应用的公共数据池。因此,开放数据的目标一开始就定位于数据的再使用,而非知晓政府决策制定的过程和依据。
开放数据战略大致在2009年成型,得到美国、英国、加拿大、新西兰等政府的支持。对当今政府数据开放最具有推动作用的是八国集团(G8)于2013年6月签署的《G8开放数据宪章》。该宪章提出的政府数据开放五项原则,除了强调政府数据以开放为原则(称为“自动开放数据”)和“改进治理”外,还强调“确保高质量和足够数量的数据”、“使数据可为所有人使用”和“促进创新”。这充分说明数据开放更着眼于数据的可开发利用性。通过开放数据,政府可以驱动商业和服务的创新,释放数据的社会和商业价值。因而各国在推进数据开放战略时,更强调开放数据的可用性、可机读性、可重复利用性。
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