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未来人民币汇率弹性将进一步加大

2017-08-11 11:34:46   央广网

近期人民币走出独立行情,在美元不弱的情况下领涨非美货币,主要有以下六大原因:一是中国经济基本面好于预期。二是通胀保持稳定。三是货币政策保持稳健中性。四是国际收支重回“双顺差”,且外储连续增长。五是系统性风险下降与金融改革与开放的持续推进。六是人民币贬值压力得到释放,近期升值扭转了贬值预期。

2015年8月11日,央行宣布启动新一轮汇改。本轮汇改的主要目标,是提高中间价形成的市场化程度,扩大市场汇率的实际运行空间,使汇率向均衡水平回归。如今,汇改已两周年,其间人民币兑美元汇率在经历了一年半的贬值后,贬值压力有效释放。特别是2017年以来,人民币汇率企稳回升,打破了持续贬值预期,那些关于人民币“破7”“破8”的预言不攻自破。回顾汇改以来人民币兑美元汇率的走势以及央行的应对策略,有助于我们理解人民币如何逐步由贬转升,并判断未来的汇率方向。

“8.11汇改”两周年回顾

(一)2015年8月11日至2016年底,人民币兑美元经历了四轮波动

第一轮,2015年8月11日至10月末。随着市场对人民币的贬值预期开始显现,在岸与离岸汇差一度扩大至1130bp。为此,央行通过国有银行于在岸和离岸市场抛售美元以干预汇率。2015年8月末人民币兑美元汇率逐步稳定,并保持到10月末,在岸与离岸汇差逐渐收窄。

第二轮,2015年11月至2016年1月中旬。随着IMF宣布人民币加入SDR利好的兑现以及美联储启动加息,人民币汇率再次面临较大的贬值压力。2015年11月至2016年1月中旬,人民币兑美元中间价、即期汇率和离岸汇率分别下跌2483、2494和2685bp,在岸与离岸汇差显著加大,一度高达1384bp。

第三轮,2016年4月至7月中旬。受避险情绪以及美联储夏季加息预期重新升温的影响,美元大幅反弹,人民币兑美元汇率开始呈现震荡下行态势。

第四轮,2016年9月至2017年初。随着美联储年底加息预期的升温,美元指数迎来了一轮新的上涨周期,在“特朗普行情”的驱动下,2016年底一度涨至103的高点。与之相应的,则是人民币兑美元汇率的持续贬值,在岸即期汇率一度跌至6.96的此轮低点。外汇储备继续缩水,并于2017年1月份跌破3万亿美元大关。

(二)2017年初至今,人民币兑美元企稳回升

人民币兑美元逐渐企稳(2017年初至2017年5月)。进入2017年之后,人民币兑美元并未继续走弱,而是逐渐趋稳,离岸在岸汇率之间甚至出现了持续时间较长的倒挂。与之相应的,则是外汇储备扭转了连续下滑的局面,从2017年2月开始止跌回升。这一阶段,官方的一系列政策发挥了非常重要的作用。一是继续收紧资本项目。通过进一步严格企业的对外投资行为以及居民的购汇需求,加强真实合规性审核,限制资本外流。二是离岸市场干预。年初离岸市场流动性大幅收紧,隔夜CNH Hibor一度攀升至61.33%,创2016年1月13日以来新高,从而打击了做空力量。三是对汇率形成机制进行了微调。包括将CFETS货币篮子中货币数量由13种增加至24种,并把参考一篮子货币的时间由过去24小时缩短为过去15小时,新的定价机制减少了重复计算因素,较好地修正了市场上对人民币的非理性低估。在这些政策的作用下,随着美元指数的触顶回落以及中国经济的超预期增长,人民币兑美元汇率明显走稳。

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