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运动是控糖的良方(健康之道·漫话老年糖尿病②)
2017-08-11 06:34:01 中国青年网
●对于糖尿病前期人群,运动可以改善葡萄糖耐量减低和空腹血糖受损状态,降低糖尿病发生率并延缓发病时间
糖尿病是以体内胰岛素分泌不足和血糖升高为特征的慢性代谢疾病,通常是由遗传因素和环境因素长期共同作用导致。我国2型糖尿病患病率高达9.7%,在老年人中患病率更高,且呈上升趋势。最新一项调查估算,全国糖尿病前期患病率更高,若不加以干预,数年后将有很大比例发展为糖尿病。因此,对于糖尿病前期及高危人群早期筛查并予以干预,很有必要。
糖尿病高危人群包括血糖正常的高危人群以及糖尿病前期人群。血糖正常的高危人群包括:年龄>40岁;既往有糖尿病前期病史;超重、肥胖、男性腰围>90厘米、女性腰围>85厘米;糖尿病家族史;有巨大儿(出生体重大于4公斤)生产史、妊娠糖尿病病史的妇女;高血压;血脂异常;动脉粥样硬化性心血管疾病患者;有一过性类固醇性糖尿病病史者;多囊卵巢综合征患者;严重精神病或长期接受抗抑郁药治疗的患者。糖尿病前期包括两种情况,一种是空腹血糖受损,另一种是糖耐量异常。这部分人群是糖尿病的“后备军”。
糖尿病高危人群如何干预才能延缓发病进程呢?大量医学证据表明,不健康的生活方式(如多食少动)在糖尿病发病过程中起到很重要的作用。大多数糖尿病患者及高危人群在很大程度上缺乏运动。大量研究证明,运动锻炼可治疗并预防糖尿病发生,如果每天都进行规律的体育锻炼,糖尿病发病的相对危险性下降15%—60%。对于糖尿病前期人群,运动可改善葡萄糖耐量减低和空腹血糖受损状态,降低糖尿病发生率并延缓发病时间。除此之外,运动可以增加胰岛素敏感性,降低血糖,改善骨骼肌功能以及脂肪、蛋白质代谢水平。
对于血糖异常者和糖尿病患者来说,经常运动能够消除体内多余热量,帮助恢复正常糖代谢,达到降糖目的。应根据自己的情况,制定个体化运动方案。建议选择中等强度的有氧运动,使肌肉有效利用葡萄糖和游离脂肪酸,有利于体内脂肪燃烧。这些运动包括步行、慢跑、骑自行车、爬山、游泳、跳舞、打太极拳等。对于老年人来说,快走是比较好的有氧运动。首先,必须在病情平稳、身体条件允许时运动。运动之前应得到医生认可,必要时进行心电图等相关检查。运动强度不宜过大。运动频率最好每天1次,每周3—5次。运动持续时间每次至少30分钟,一般不超过60分钟。运动强度以微微出汗、走路时能与人对话为宜。锻炼时注意穿合脚软底鞋和舒适的袜子,防止跌倒等运动损伤。最好与家人和朋友结伴,如果出现心慌、大汗等不适,应立即停止运动,进食随身携带的糖块、巧克力,必要时去医院检查。每天坚持运动,可有效降低糖耐量异常以及空腹血糖受损人群发展为糖尿病的风险。
(作者为北京大学人民医院老年科主任医师)
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