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古代北京河道是如何管理的
2017-08-10 17:21:48 中国青年网





户力平
北京正全面推行的“河长制”,近来引发了人们对提升河湖管理水平的关注。根据最新发布的方案,河长制实施范围包括全市所有河流、湖泊、水库,流域面积10平方公里以上的425条河道、88座水库和41个湖泊都将设立河长,共设立市、区、乡镇(街道)、村四级河长5920名。其中,五大河流和市管河湖增设12名市级河长,被称为北京的母亲河的永定河河长由北京市常务副市长张工担任。历史上的北京水网密布,河湖众多,古代是如何管理京城河湖的?
元代设都水监明初设都水司清初设都水分司
郭守敬元代曾任都水监:
“掌治河渠并堤防、水利、桥梁、闸堰之事”
辽代时,北京已设都水监一职,“掌陂池灌溉,维护河渠,掌舟船及水运,以都水使者为长官。”据《北京水利史》记载,金代设水部,置水部郎中、员外郎各一人,另设都巡河官,“掌巡视河道、修筑堤堰、栽植榆柳、凡河汛之事。”元代设都水监,“掌治河渠并堤防、水利、桥梁、闸堰之事。”都水监下属机构为河道提举司、行都水监等,著名水利专家郭守敬即任都水监之职。
明初设都水司,隶属工部,此后将各级水利官员职责明析,其中主管官员为总督河道都御史,下设管河郎中,管河副使。地方为州、县官主薄、典吏带管水利。最基层的是河道巡守官员, 具体负责某一条或某一段河道的巡视及管护。工部还曾设有都水清吏司,京师的河道、沟渠、闸坝、堤防、水利等均由其负责。
清代基本延续了明代的水利管理体系。清初都水分司主要处理河道事务,还具有收税、协助漕运的职能,另外包括河道的修护事宜,管理闸坝事务,看管水源等。清代还将水利及防洪法规汇集于《大清会典事例》中,包括河防官吏的职责、河兵河夫、经费物料、疏浚、工具等的施工规范。乾隆十七年(1752年)规定,每年派一名值年河道沟渠大臣负责京城内外所有河道沟渠事务,每年二月开冻后至三月底止统一进行疏浚和维修。
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