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膜下滴灌技术助力新疆农业发展 中国节水灌溉技术已走向中亚和非洲
天业农业示范园区水稻田(盖安娜 摄)
国际在线报道(记者 刘文俊 盖安娜):旱地里也能种水稻?近日,记者在新疆维吾尔自治区石河子市采访时发现,40公顷的水稻田没有水,但水稻苗却绿油油的。如何在旱地里种水稻,新疆生产建设兵团有秘决。而且,他们研制出的节水灌溉技术还走出了国门,在中亚和非洲多国得到推广。
新疆石河子市天业示范园区内的水稻田,采用的是膜下滴灌技术。这项技术由新疆生产建设兵团下属企业——新疆天业集团首创。通过给农作物“打点滴”,该技术使水流顺滴孔直达作物根部;加上地膜的覆盖,土壤被蒸发的水分大量减少。新疆天业集团农业研究所的农艺师陈伊锋介绍说:“(膜下滴灌技术)第一个特点就是省水。我们用地膜结合滴灌带,取代了传统栽培的水层,比一般水田大概省水60%。水田用水从种到收,大概每亩(约0.07公顷)需要2000多立方米,而我们的只用650到700立方米就够了。这是第一个比较明显的区别和优势。第二个就是节约成本和投入,我们因为使用了滴灌栽培,全田没有埂子和渠道,因此节约了10%的土地,这就意味着多收益,提高了土地的利用率。还有就是我们实现了全程的机械化栽培,机械化种子处理,种子直播,不育秧,不插秧,收获也是机械化,这样,人工管理的面积比普通水田提高了3到4倍,节约了很大生产成本。”
兵团二师第31团采用膜下滴灌的枣树(刘文俊 摄)
中国为屯垦戍边而设立的新疆生产建设兵团,目前在新疆各地建有170多个农牧团场。这些团场大多地处沙漠边缘的戈壁荒滩,土地贫瘠,水资源稀缺。多年来,兵团的发展史实际上就是一部探索水资源高效利用的历史。在兵团的大力支持下,新疆天业集团引进、消化、吸收了国外技术,并自主开发出了具有中国特色的高效节水滴灌系统,使兵团所属的125万公顷耕地实现可持续发展。新疆天业集团副总经理周军自豪地告诉记者:“上世纪80年代90年代,我们就针对国外的农业节水技术进行了一些验证性的实验,特别是先进节水技术要在大田中应用。许多节水技术,只是在大棚、温室、花卉种植中,特定的一些作物中使用。而要彻底改变我们新疆农业缺水的问题,带动农业发展,关键是先进的节水灌溉技术要能在大田中运用。所以,我们始终坚持不懈地开发,最后终于形成了一次性回收滴灌带的技术及相关的商业模式。两种模式相结合,带动了膜下滴灌溉技术的发展。”
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