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我国对降低企业杠杆率高度重视,这项工作也是供给侧结构性改革重点任务之一“去杠杆”的重中之重。8月9日,国家发改委官网刊登《我国降低企业杠杆率工作取得初步成效》指出,我国企业杠杆率过高的局面还未得到根本扭转,我国非金融企业杠杆率仍是世界主要经济体中最高的,不少企业还处在财务负担重、债务风险高的困难境地。在此背景下,国家发改委指出,我国要积极探索僵尸企业债务有效处置方式。完善激励约束机制,做好兜底保障,切实破除僵尸企业僵而不死的各类障碍,推动通过市场化、法治化方式实现僵尸企业“安乐死”,以提高资源使用效率。
中国人民大学国家发展与战略研究院《中国僵尸企业研究报告——现状、原因和对策》数据显示,中国工业企业数据库80万家企业中,2005-2013年的僵尸企业比例大约为7.51%,由此算来,此前我国工业僵尸企业约6万家。而据此前媒体报道,截至今年,市场上僵尸企业数量已经高达19万家之多。
业界指出,处置这些僵尸企业,要尽可能多兼并重组,多债转股,少破产清算,所谓对破产企业尽量实行“安乐死”,就是要做好僵尸企业处置的“善后工作”,包括资产处置、资金的清算、员工的安置,个别产能过剩严重的地区会出现职工集中下岗和财政支出困难,要深入细致地研究和实施配套措施,最大限度减少“阵痛”。
实际上,国务院于去年10月就印发了《关于积极稳妥降低企业杠杆率的意见》与《关于市场化银行债权转股权的指导意见》,为企业去杠杆指明方向。今年7月,国务院国资委党委书记郝鹏在部署工作时也表示,我国支持在僵尸企业处置中直接融资和市场化法治化债转股,降低企业融资成本和杠杆水平。
不过,业内人士分析称,债转股原本的出发点是将相应的债务转化为股权,激发企业向前发展的积极性,盘活整个市场经济。但是在实际操作中,由于市场具有较大的风险性,不可能保证某家企业持续盈利,股权不会贬值,因此进行债转股的银行和金融公司自然会产生担心,这也成为了僵尸企业债转股过程中面临的难题之一。
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