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光芒独特的“金”

2017-08-10 09:38:54   中国青年网

在云南特色文化产业“金、木、土、石、布”中,“金”包括斑铜、斑锡、乌铜走银、珐琅银器、银饰及民族刀具等金属类工艺品。

云南有色金属矿产丰富,历史上一直是人们心目中的“矿业王国”。大约在公元前13至12世纪之间,云南就已经进入了铜石并用的时代。有考证表明,早在商代中原使用的青铜器中,就有来自云南的铜矿石。而在2500年前,古滇国就创造了辉煌的青铜文明。东汉时,云南的“朱提银”就因为质量优异而成为王莽新朝发行的“银货二品”之一,价值为其他地区所产银的一倍半。“堂狼铜洗”行销全国,驰名于世。到了南诏时期,工匠冶造金银的工艺水平相当高,金银的生产和流通已很普遍。史书记载,贵族妇女们以金为饰,唐朝使臣到南诏,南诏馈以“金簋、银水瓶”。此外,还用大量的金银来铸造佛像。他们通过中印半岛和海外贸易时,也以黄金交换。

铜和铁的生产在南诏以及大理国时期相比汉晋有了显著的进步和发展。统治者们大兴土木,修建寺塔,铸造了大量的铜像、铜钟,仅公元937年至944年时的段思平时期,就铸铜佛一万余尊。

到了清代,清政府命云南设局铸钱解京。铸钱的增加,对云南铜、铅、锌、锡的需要量自然增大,这是清初云南冶金业发展的主要原因。清代以来,除了铜铸的宫殿、铜瓦寺等大型金属建筑之外,更多的金属制品出现在普通百姓的日常生活之中,红铜面盆、铜锅、金箔铺,供文房之设的古雅铜器具等,足以使云南的有色金属王国之称名符其实。

近年来,我省持续加强民族民间工艺品大师、领军人物、知名品牌、龙头企业的遴选塑造和宣传推广,使更多的工艺大师崭露头角、享有名号,实现大师效应和品牌带动,提高了云南特色文化产品附加值;个旧加快建设锡文化创意产业园,发挥中国工艺美术大师赖庆国的影响力,培育云南省的金属工艺科学研究生产基地。

大理银器制作技艺,主要流传于大理州鹤庆县新华村,距今有500年以上历史。云南银器制作技艺中,鹤庆县最为出名。当地艺人用纯银为主料,以镂雕和纯银抽丝编盘工艺相结合,加工制成壶、九龙杯、鹤阳八景酒具、手镯、戒指、项链、耳环等工艺品,产品远销各省市以及美国、日本、印度、马来西亚、尼泊尔、泰国、巴基斯坦等国家。大禧城的银饰工艺品就来自著名的鹤庆新华村。2014年,大理银饰锻制技艺正式被文化部命名为国家级非遗传承项目。

同样参加此次文博会的乌铜走银也是云南有着300多年历史的“金”之绝技,在中国工艺美术界,昆明乌铜走银曾与北京景泰蓝齐名,并称“天下铜艺双绝”。乌铜走银发源地是石屏县异龙镇冒合岳家湾村,由岳家湾岳氏兄弟始创于清雍正年间。相传某日,匠师岳富在炼铜造器时不慎将手上的金戒指脱落于锅中,戒指一下子熔化了,可惜之际他生气地将周围放着的一些银、铝等金属全扔下锅。待气消后来观察时,却发现炉中呈现出一种颜色黑亮的特别合金铜,合金铜上显现出若隐若现的金黄和银白色的线条,匠人的心都比较细腻,有很高的观察力和创新意识,于是岳富就试着用这种合金铜制作成工艺品,在黑色合金的底上用黄金的黄色或银的白色来表现花纹图案,经仔细的研究琢磨,不断的失败不断的重新尝试和完善,终于创作出了如今云南独有的“乌铜走银”技艺。袁嘉谷的巨著千字叙事诗《异龙湖歌》中有诗句“器精称乌铜,饭精称紫米”,其中的“乌铜”指的就是乌铜走银,为称颂云南乌铜走银工艺精美的佳句。

本报记者 王宁

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