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8月8日21时19分,四川省阿坝州九寨沟县发生7.0级地震,震源深度20公里。除了祈福,人们再次感叹天灾无常。面对天灾,人类能做些什么?科幻作家王晋康的短篇小说《临界》中,塑造了一位毕生为预报地震奋斗的伟大科学家文少博,展示了一代又一代科学家对抗自然灾害的努力与艰辛。
地震、热浪、寒潮、洪水、旱灾、暴风雨……有什么比自然界最原始而混沌的力量更令人类恐惧、也更令人类敬畏的呢?对于科幻作品而言,自然灾难是最常见的题材之一。毕竟,作为人类最古老的劲敌,自然灾难一直如影随形地纠缠着每一个在地球上挣扎求生的人。
躲避:当自然灾害不可抵抗
从古至今,“末日审判”式的自然灾难一直是幻想文学中的常客。从《圣经》的大洪水到《2012》中天崩地裂式的大毁灭,这些灾难通常有几个相同点:首先,它们的发生与降临通常与人类行为不存在直接关系,是纯粹的自然灾难;其次,这些灾难往往规模宏大、远远超出了人类的防治能力——换言之,它们是真正意义上不可抗力的灾难。
对不可抗力式灾难故事的反复讲述,归根结底是人类对自身渺小与无力的恐惧在意识中的映射。面对这样的灾难,人们的选择通常是非常有限的,更准确地说,放弃对抗、选择逃跑,是这种情况下唯一理性的选择。从义人诺亚那粗糙的浮动动物园,到《星际穿越》中载着人类远离被饥荒统治的地球的太空站和飞船,《2012》里的高科技方舟,乃至《流浪地球》中装上了超级引擎的地球,它们事实上都是我们的先祖千百万年艰难求生所留下的记忆在人类意识中的投射:漫长岁月中,“三十六计走为上”从来都是人类求生的法宝,而不可否认的是,逃跑的确是门槛最低、也最实用的一种灾难求生方式。
当然,逃跑也面临着技术门槛——尤其是当行星级的巨大灾难到来时,“躲”成了不得已之下逃避不可抗力灾难的最后手段。在大卫·赫尔的《天幕坠落》中,人们因为臭氧层的瓦解而不得不躲进掩体,《十二猴子》里的人类则被失控的病毒赶进了同样的地方;叫好却不够叫座的大片《未来水世界》里,人们躲进水上浮城苟延残喘;《后天》里那些来不及越过格兰德河南下的北美居民更是各显神通,在每一个能保留热量的狭小空间里尽情展示了自己从老祖宗那传下来的避难能力……
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