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恪守“正当程序”也是依法行政(论政)

2017-08-09 07:38:23   中国青年网

近日,北京市一中院对一度热议的“北大女博士涉论文抄袭学位被撤而诉母校”一案作出终审判决,认定北京大学作出的撤销于某博士学位的决定程序违法,且缺乏明确法律依据,应予以撤销;同时驳回于某要求恢复其博士学位的诉求,认为“不属于本案审理范围”。对于该案判决结果,赢得了不少人尤其是诸多法学专家的认同。

纵观此案,法院在审理过程中对“正当程序”原则的遵循和强调,是赢得认同的重要原因。

北大作出撤销决定所依据的《中华人民共和国学位条例》及相关法律法规,虽然并未对撤销学位的具体程序作出明确规定,但这并不意味着北大可以不遵守最基本的“正当程序”原则。相反法院认为,撤销博士学位的决定,会对于某的合法权益产生巨大影响,因此北大在作出决定时,应当遵循正当程序原则,在查清事实的基础上,充分听取于某的陈述和申辩,保障其享有相应的权利。而依据法院查明的事实,北大并未充分听取于某的陈述和申辩,违背了正当程序原则。

对正当程序的遵循贯彻渐成常态,已然成了我国司法实践中一项十分重要的基本原则。1999年,北京市一中院判决的田某诉北京科技大学拒绝颁发毕业证、学位证一案中,就曾援引正当程序原则;2014年,该案例还入选了最高人民法院公布的第38号指导案例,强化了该原则的现实“应用性”。

当事人对裁判结果的认可,司法公信力的提高,法治精神的深入人心,都要以公正的程序为基础。作为现代法治的基石性原则之一,正当程序代表着“未经正当的法定程序,任何公民的人身与财产权利不受剥夺与侵害”。同时,程序自身也具有内在的独立价值,既有助于促进实体公正的实现、限制公权力的滥用,也是保障公民基本人权的题中之义。

随着全面依法治国的稳步推进,“正当程序”原则也日益融入行政权的血脉当中,逐步成为依法行政的核心原则与重要体现,其内涵也扩展为“不论法律是否规定,一项行政权的行使,都需遵循可以体现公正、透明、高效等价值的必要程序”。尤其是在社会生活高度复杂,行政权不断扩张,而立法资源相对紧张,成文法对行政权的规制难以全面覆盖的背景下,正当程序原则填补了具体法律规定的滞后和不足,为否定明显违背法律精神的行政行为,奠定了法治根基。

事实上,我国的行政法中无不渗透和体现着“正当程序”原则。例如行政处罚法第六条规定,“公民、法人或者其他组织对行政机关所给予的行政处罚,享有陈述权、申辩权”,行政诉讼法第七十条规定,“行政行为违反法定程序的,法院可以判决撤销”……这就从实体法和程序法的双重角度,赋予了行政行为的正当程序要求,明确了违反正当程序的救济途径。

当然,对“正当程序”的遵循和强调,还带给我们更为重要的启示:依法行政,并不是在有法可依时对法律的机械执行,在法无规定时公权力就可任意妄为;而应是在行使行政权的过程中,时时恪守“正当程序”等必要的法治原则,让法治精神撑起行政权的骨骼,方为依法行政的其中真义。

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