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评论:“于艳茹案”论文抄袭可耻 处罚亦应合法

2017-08-07 17:36:28   中国青年网

“于艳茹案”虽终审胜诉,但该案判决决不意味对论文抄袭行为本身的肯定或保护,而是彰显了正当程序原则的司法善意。

6月初,北京市第一中级人民法院作出终审判决,认定北京大学作出的撤销于艳茹博士学位决定程序违法,亦缺乏明确法律依据,撤销之前北大作出的撤销学位的决定,同时驳回了于艳茹要求恢复其博士学位证书法律效力的诉讼请求,认为这一诉求“不属于本案审理范围”。

一审、二审判决主要是以程序违法为由,撤销了此前北大作出的撤销博士学位的决定,并未从实体上进行处理,回应和裁判北大撤销学位的行为是否具备实体条件、是否构成实体违法。作为我国首起因涉嫌论文抄袭导致博士学位被撤销的行政诉讼案件,“于艳茹案”的审判彰显了正当程序原则。

所谓正当程序原则,是指行政机关作出影响行政相对人权益的行政行为,必须遵循正当法律程序,包括事先告知相对人,向相对人说明行为的根据、理由,听取相对人的陈述、申辩,事后为相对人提供相应的救济途径等。正当程序原则是裁决行政争端的基本法律原则及最低公正标准,程序公正与实体公正同样重要,也是实体公正的必要保障。

北京大学作为法律、法规授权的组织,其在代表国家机关行使学位授予或撤销权时,具有授权性行政主体的地位,亦应遵守正当程序原则。即便相关学位条例、法律法规未对撤销学位的具体程序作出明确规定,但撤销博士学位涉及相对人重大切身利益,是对其学术水平的严重否定,会对其工作、学习、生活和社会评价产生极大不利影响,学校应自觉践行上述原则,保证相关决定程序的公正性,充分听取相对人的陈述和申辩,保障相对人享有相应的权利。

但正如终审判决所指出,北大约谈于艳茹,仅涉及其博士论文是否涉嫌抄袭的问题。并没有对撤销其博士学位进行相应的风险提示,导致“于艳茹没有申辩陈述的机会”,因而不足以认定北大已履行正当程序。法院因此撤销北大作出的撤销博士学位的决定,并无不当。

论文抄袭是严重的学术失范行为,败坏社会风气,令人不齿愤恨,必须严加规范,切实维护学术尊严,但惩治违反学术道德、抄袭剽窃等的违法不端行为也要正当合法,目的正当性不能舍弃手段的正当合法性,要避免因此造成非法侵害。具体到撤销博士学位而言,作为法律法规授权行使的行政行为,必须遵循正当程序原则,秉持审慎、谦抑、善意的理念,保障当事人知情权、参与权、表达权、监督权,自觉听取当事人意见,给当事人陈述申辩机会,以程序公正确保实体公正,维护当事人的合法权益。正是由于相关程序缺失等原因,北大撤销博士学位之举,招致了“过于草率,处罚过重”的质疑。

“于艳茹案”终审胜诉,法院以程序违法为由,判决撤销北大的撤销博士学位决定,依法有据,但该案判决决不意味对论文抄袭行为本身的肯定或保护,而是彰显了正当程序原则的司法善意。对于促进依法行政、依法治教,也具有积极的法治示范意义。

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