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有多少垄断以“政府指定”为名

2017-08-09 07:05:13   中国青年网

好产品的标准有很多种,但“政府指定”绝不是其中一个。

不久前,广东省高院判决省教育厅在一次技能比赛中,“指定某软件为独家参赛软件”的行为属于滥用行政权力,违反了《反垄断法》规定。这是国内首例针对“行政垄断”的司法判例,也是2008年《反垄断法》颁布以来,少有的政府涉嫌违法的诉讼。

垄断是竞争的对立面,法院认定省教育厅“独家指定”的行为,产生了“排除、限制竞争”的效果。换句话说,在这场软件商的竞争中,广东省教育厅使用行政权力参与了垄断。

这次“独家指定”无疑会直接影响软件商的市场份额,并且可能改变参赛者的使用习惯,变相提高被指定公司的市场声誉,对其他公司造成损失。

一件商品被消费者选择,依靠的是价格、质量和服务等要素。企业只有在竞争压力下,才会努力优化这些要素。从消费者角度来看,竞争带来商品品质的提高;从社会角度来看,竞争优化配置了资源。

政府的目标是实现社会福利最大化,这与公平竞争带来的最终结果也不谋而合。

所以,竞争是一道必经的程序,即便是一件最优质、最合适的产品,也应接受公开竞争的检验,而不是通过“政府指定”,强制占领市场。

在这起案件中,广东省教育厅选择了教育部在全国比赛中使用的同款软件。但广东省高院认为,教育部并没有规定各省需要与“国赛”使用的软件保持一致,在没有正当理由的情况下,省教育厅应“经过公开、公平的竞争性选择程序,来决定使用相关商家的软件”。

选择程序不合规、不透明,就会给权力寻租留下空间。在经济体制转轨的过程中,计划经济时期遗留下来的“政府统筹配置资源”的旧思路还没有完全消除。政府和市场的关系也没有完全厘清,公共权力强行干预市场竞争的情况时有发生。或许是比赛用的软件,或许是马路两侧的路灯,也或许是某项重点工程,都有被“指定”的可能。

政府干预市场的前提是市场失灵,而不是在正常的市场竞争秩序下随意介入;政府在市场中应发挥指导、服务、监督的作用,给所有市场主体参与公平竞争的机会,而不是代替市场,干预市场主体的正常经济活动。

因为我国地方经济在一定程度上仍被地方政府主导,为了保护当地企业,地方政府往往通过自身的行政权力实施地方保护主义,设置行业壁垒防止外来企业进入本地市场。行政权力干预地方经济的后果之一就是造成市场分割,限制资源要素自由流动,影响市场机制高效运行,最终拖慢全国经济发展。

也正因此,2016年6月,国务院下发了《关于在市场体系建设中建立公平竞争审查制度的意见》。截止到2016年年底,已有15个省市部门被国家发改委公告处理。这些违法案件中,小到对学生装投标人资格设置歧视性条件,大到12个省市指定供电企业,都涉嫌“滥用行政权力”。

“尊重市场,竞争优先”“最大限度减少对微观经济的干预”等原则,都被写进了《意见》里。据此,行政机关指定的市场准入、招商引资、政府采购等规章、文件等,都将受到审查。

从源头上阻断行政垄断需要制度保障,但政府如何管好干预市场的手,更根本的是需要对市场的尊重,对权力边界的敬畏,以及对公平竞争的信仰。

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