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“少教多学”唤醒学生的潜能

2017-08-09 05:35:40   中国青年网

【环球教育评说】

PISA2015年测试结果中,新加坡学生在三个测试领域得分均高居榜首,引起国际教育界的关注和讨论。

新加坡何以取得如此骄人成绩?教育兴国战略、巨大的投入、先进的教育理念、卓越的教育制度和运作机制等都是重要原因。然而这些因素要起到实质性的影响,最终要通过教育实践来实现,所以一定程度上说,新加坡的教育成功之处在于与宏观理念相匹配的教学实践改革。而在教学实践当中,“少教多学”的改革值得其他国家,特别是偏重学生基础知识和能力培养的亚洲国家研究和学习。

“少教多学”,从字面上理解即教师少教、学生多学,实质上是指教师在教学中要善于启发学生,打开他们的思路,不告诉他们现成的答案,以便给学生留下思考的余地,从而使学生养成独立思考的习惯,智慧和思维得到真正的发展。捷克教育家夸美纽斯在谈到自己的教学理想时说:“要找出一种教育方法,使教师因此可以少教,但是学生多学;使学校因此可以少些喧嚣、厌恶和无益的劳苦,独具闲暇、快乐及坚实的进步。”我国著名教育家陶行知说:“所谓教师之主导作用,重在善于启迪,使学生自奋其力,自致其知,非谓教师滔滔讲说,学生默默聆听。”我国另一位教育家叶圣陶也曾提出:“教是为了达到不需要教”。他们说的和新加坡的“少教多学”高度契合。

作为一种教学思想或教学理想,“少教多学”对教师的要求不是少了,而是多了。因为“少教”具有启发性、针对性、创造性和发展性等特点,“少教”实际上是教师帮助学生自主学习,把“教”当作一个“支架”,支撑学生自发地把智力、情感提高到另一个新的发展水平。因此,施行“少教多学”需要高水平的师资支撑。国际知名的麦肯锡公司通过研究指出,具有良好的师资和一流的教学是新加坡教育制度人才辈出的部分要素。和发达国家一样,新加坡注重教师素质,只有优秀人才才能从事教育工作,教师的薪金待遇也是较好的。新加坡没有师范院校,一个人不论什么学校毕业,只要愿意从事教师工作,就可以申请应聘。所有教师均在国立教育学院进行完善的职前师资训练,包括教育教学技能等。

新加坡教育部认为,他们的教育制度致力于帮助学生施展自己的才华、发挥各自的潜能,培养终身学习的热忱。以学生为中心的教育思想,打造个性化的学习路线,着力于潜能和思考力、进取心、自信心的教学取向,真正提高了教学的效益,而灵活的教学方式使得学生的主动性最大限度地被激活。

这一切都和高水平的师资队伍分不开。据专家考察,在新加坡,有不少世界一流名校的毕业生在快快乐乐地做教师。正如新加坡原公务员首长、李光耀首任首席私人秘书、教育部前常任秘书林祥源所言,教育有其特质,教师所经营的是难以下定义的成果,是“帮助每位孩子发挥自身潜能”。要确保学生的潜能被发挥得淋漓尽致,取得卓越成果,教师的士气、奉献之心以及动力至关重要。因此,重视树立教师崇高的地位,协助他们圆满完成任务,这是经营一个伟大教育制度的关键。教育当局和学校要善于激发教师的工作成就感和幸福感,教师的社会地位高,热爱自己的工作,工作的创造性就被激发出来了。

(作者:李通)

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