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非攻兼爱:对墨子的回望

2017-08-07 08:32:40   中国青年网

随着传统文化承继的风生水起,关涉国学的潮涌强劲。

然而,在当下盛行的“国学”观念里,人们通常会偏向儒家一统的格局,少有例外。实际上,国学,或者说传统文化的精深博大是离不开诸子百家的。除了宋明以降人们熟悉的、承续于孔孟(儒家)的程朱学说外,诸子百家中“无为”的老庄学说、兼爱非攻的墨家主张等,都在当今的现实生活中留有深深的印迹——即便排除纵横家、法家之类其他的学说。“夫唯不争,故天下莫能与之争”现在仍是很多人乌托邦化的处事态度,而“兼爱”,西来的佛学有别于儒家“仁爱”的“博爱”未必不是得益于墨家学说。

反过来看,墨家显然是少有人知道的学派,然而其代表人物,极端强调“为自己”的杨朱学说在世俗的社会中同样有牢固的影响,如像“拔一毛利天下而不为”,说是中国底层民众处世的重要价值观,恐怕也是可以成立的。

我们要说,传统文化不是单一的那个门派,而是众家杂糅的综合价值伦理,正因为如此,“去伪存真”的扬弃才是正途,而不是一些人奉为圭臬的纲常礼教,不是君臣父子名下的“孝顺”。

老庄的出世和孔孟的入世,这种看似矛盾的争端,这种各自侧重一面的思考和强调才是成就诸子百家欣欣向荣的基石。墨家实际上在当时也面临这样的诘难,如上面提到的杨朱无疑和墨家就是直接对立的,“摩顶放踵利天下而为之”。“大公无私”的墨家学说与之完全相反。

当然,不只是这样的“门派”纷争,不同处世价值伦理的追问让人们不得不去思考社会融洽的路向。读过历史的人都知道,杨朱自私,墨子兼爱,大相径庭,水火不容,取舍显然不是那么容易的事。比较起儒学当下的繁盛,纵观消费主义在貌似多元化环境下的张扬,人们是否应该向墨家的倡导有所回归呢?

作为春秋战国时期的显学之一,能与儒家分庭抗礼的墨家,随着历史河流的淘洗,现在已是“声息渐隐”。是遭到打压还是被刻意遮蔽?其声名之不彰的原因到底是如何?《兼爱者——墨子传》试图解答这些疑惑。无论如何,从这部30万字的书中,或许能够找到真实的原委。

按作者的观点,先秦诸子的浩繁典籍被两把大火给烧得劫灰凋零是主要的原因:正是秦始皇嬴政的焚书坑儒和西楚霸王项羽的复仇之火烟散了包括墨家在内的“诸子百家”。

秦朝短命,文化上的影响或许有限,然而,汉兴之后的“独尊儒术”对“诸子百家”而言无异于雪上加霜——本来典籍就已经稀少,再有刻意的损毁遮蔽,要逃出厄运确实很难。董仲舒之后,孔孟之学大行其道,耳濡目染,长幼皆知。而“他者”学说,尤其是独立呵护“爱心”的墨家遭遇有意冷落,被打入冷宫,以后世杨朱“自私”到极端的守则之千年“苟延残踹”来看,不得不说是莫大的遗憾。

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