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“三下河东”的名臣讴颂

2017-08-07 05:02:37   中国青年网

文彦博,北宋名臣,山西介休人。宋仁宗时举进士,50岁即官拜宰相,曾因对王安石变法持异议被贬外放,变法派失势后复授平章军国重事。彦博虽官至一品,但为人“公忠直亮”,“尊德乐善”。“包青天”包拯是其同科进士,二人交情甚厚,曾约“相与姻缔”结为儿女亲家。惜包拯早逝,其子包绶年仅5岁。包绶长大后“恬静自守”,“孤立不倚”,过得并不富裕。彦博遂作《举包绶》上奏,慨言像包拯这样“秉节清劲,直道立朝”的良臣之后,朝廷不能漠然对待,还主动将女儿许配于他,颇获时论好评。享年91岁高龄故世。

彦博虽为晋人,但直接叙写故乡的诗作甚少,这首《太原府统平殿朝拜》就是一篇颇具历史价值的鲜见之作。

宋太祖赵匡胤称帝后,陆续平定了南方诸国,而占有河东太原一带的小国北汉却依然割据,太祖两度御驾亲征均告失败。宋太宗赵光义登基后,经充分准备重新亲征,先击败契丹援兵,陆续扫平周边,筑起长连围城久困太原,昼夜轮番攻击,仍遭顽强抵抗,付出惨烈牺牲才取胜,这就是被演绎为文学故事的“三下河东”。因此,太宗恼怒之极,又鉴于唐高祖李渊起五代多位强人皆由太原崛起称帝,为永绝该地“龙脉”,攻克太原未及半月,太宗就诏令“毁废”旧城。且亲自坐镇主持,使“万炬皆发”,“官寺民舍一日俱尽”,逃避不及者“死者甚众”,又撰《平晋记》立碑永纪。次年再下诏“壅汾河、晋祠水灌太原”,彻底夷平这座近1500年历史的古城。汾河东岸另建新城即今日太原雏形时,一概不修十字街,均为丁字街,以期钉死“龙脉”不再“龙兴”帝王,这一格局遗存到上世纪50年代才渐渐打通。宋真宗时,又诏令“并州建资圣禅院为将士战亡者追福”,后复在资圣禅院内加建统平殿,奉安檀香木制“太宗御容”以“显扬祖宗”功业,此诗即彦博朝拜统平殿时的讴颂之作。资圣禅院明代“没于汾水”,统平殿“亦无存”。

逆垒弥天甚,(逆贼固守的城垒曾有过盖天的凶险),

君王驻翠銮。(皆仰赖圣君王御驾坐镇率军苦战)。

荆榛亲剪伐,(罪孽的荆棘乱木几度亲征剪伐),

家业信艰难。(太祖太宗的大业创建真是无比艰难)。

一剑江河定,(但毕竟一剑纵横平定了江河),

千年庙社安。(也终于迎来宗庙社稷千载的安然)。

故城禾黍美,(毁弃的故城已经种遍了丰美的米粮),

无复验泥丸。(绝不会再出现当年抵抗王师的愚顽)。

据彦博诗末自注,“太祖朝天兵至城下”,太原“城中作十丸掷空中卜之,外虽破里头完,则城尚可保平安”;到了“太宗朝天兵再至”,太原“复为此卦,而一掷内外俱碎,城遂下”。卦卜肯定不会如此灵验,太原城最后被攻破也未必因此,恐怕多半还是传说而已。

张恒

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