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这个问题困惑科学家两百年了:自行车骑行为何不倒

2017-08-04 23:04:16   国际在线

自行车骑得虽爽,但是研究自行车的科学家们却有些“不爽”。因为这么一个结构简单的交通工具,时至今日却仍弄不明白它的稳定性问题,即为什么它在骑行过程中不会倒?不仅如此,当人们在平地上把一辆自行车推行到一定速度后撒手,自行车也会无控制地稳定前行一段,即使中途扰动一下,它也能够恢复稳定。

为解开这个谜团法国科学院甚至在1897年还专门设立了一个奖项。200年来,许多物理学家、数学家孜孜不倦地研究着自行车不倒的问题,以期寻求一个合理的解释,他们发表了近百篇文献,提出了各种可能。

可能性之一:陀螺效应

自行车前轮转动时,它的离心力会帮助保持自身平衡,就像抽动旋转的陀螺时,陀螺会围绕着它的轴保持旋转方向的惯性一样。

在对自行车稳定性的解释中影响比较大的一种说法是自行车前轮的陀螺效应,以至于在许多通俗读物中都以这种观点来解释自行车的稳定性。

1911年,德国数学家克莱因和物理学家索莫菲尔德在陀螺力学著作中用陀螺效应解释自行车的稳定性。陀螺效应就是旋转着的物体具有和陀螺一样的性质。“通俗地讲就是转动物体具备维持原有转动状态的惯性,就如牛顿第一定律(惯性定律)描述直线运动的惯性一样。”8月2日,中国科学院大学工程科学学院余永亮教授告诉科技日报记者。

物体转动时,它的离心力会帮助保持自身平衡,就像抽动旋转的陀螺时,陀螺会围绕着它的轴保持旋转方向的惯性一样。

北京大学力学系教授武际可在其博客《自行车的学问》一文中写道:“对于陀螺效应自行车稳定性的解释,我们简要地来做说明。你拿一枚硬币,让它在平面上滚动,如果起始时刻让它略微倾斜,比方说倾向左侧,你就会发现,它会向倾斜的这方拐弯,当倾斜角变得愈大时,拐弯的曲率也愈大,最后到倾倒为止。”同样可以类比在行进的自行车,“假设自行车欲向左侧倾倒,即前轮向左倾斜,这时骑车人操纵车把使前轮向左转,这相当于给前轮一个向左旋转的力矩,在这个力矩作用下,前轮会由倾斜向直立方向运动。同样如果自行车欲向右倾倒,即前轮向右倾斜,这时骑车人通过把手使前轮向右转,这相当于给前轮一个向右旋转的力矩,在这个力矩作用下,前轮会由倾斜向直立方向运动。由此,自行车自然会稳定地向前行驶。”

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