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内蒙古:为沙化做“减法” 为绿色做“加法”

2017-08-04 07:12:23   中国青年网

居住在内蒙古鄂尔多斯乌审旗的殷玉珍与毛乌素沙漠“斗”了32年,曾经的毛乌素沙漠风沙一刮就是50多天,堵得门都推不开。她坚持做一件事:种树——从600棵小树苗到将7万多亩黄沙变成绿地。

内蒙古荒漠化土地占全区总面积的52.2%,沙化土地分布在全区12个盟市的90个旗(县、区)。

过去,总有人笑话殷玉珍太“傻”:渺小的植株又怎能抵挡黄沙的侵袭?

这位“绿化女状元”的确经历过失败。种庄稼,总会被风沙埋起来;因为缺水,需要没日没夜地挖井,每天只睡不到3个小时;和丈夫手植的5万棵杨树,被一场沙尘暴毁于一旦,连自己都险些丧命……

可是她觉得,“宁可种树累死,也不能让风沙欺负死”。历经磨难,她最终探索出了一条人工防风、固沙、栽树的可行之道。

殷玉珍一个人植树,带动了百余户家庭造林。树种多了,风沙少了,鸟儿来了,灌木站稳了脚跟,庄稼越长越好。慢慢地,“沙进人退”变成了“人进沙退”。一座座生态园、造林公司涌现出来,不断有农牧民做起了生态修复和沙漠旅游产业。

地处内蒙古自治区最西部的阿拉善盟,也用相似的思路治理风沙,不过,植树的主角是飞机。

阿拉善盟聚集了巴丹吉林、腾格里、乌兰布和三大沙漠,是中国沙尘的源头之一,生态脆弱区占总面积的94%。

上世纪80年代,阿拉善左旗进行飞播治沙造林试验,打破了国际学术界在年降水量200毫米以下地区不宜飞播造林的论断,总结出一条适地、适树、适时、适量的实用技术,对腾格里、乌兰布和沙漠边缘进行生态治理。

内蒙古自治区发改委副主任文民说,飞播、网格化、种树固沙等方式,让沙漠移动放缓,效果明显。据阿拉善左旗林业局副局长杨晓军介绍,截至去年年底,当地已累计飞播造林499万亩,在腾格里沙漠东南缘形成长250公里,宽3~10公里的阻沙带,沙丘高度平均降低了5~6米。全盟每年沙尘暴天数由上世纪90年代末的10~20天减少到3~9天,实现了风沙从“一年刮两次,一次刮半年”到“刮风不再起沙”的转变,有效阻挡了沙漠前移。植被由飞播前的5%~10%提高到30%~40%,沙拐枣、花棒等物种盖度和种类明显增多,形成了“绿带锁黄龙”的壮丽景观。

杨晓军称,在飞、封、造等工程措施的实施中,阿拉善每年生态治理面积达100万亩以上,生态环境整体恶化趋势得到遏制。

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