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看日本如何应对老龄化

2017-08-04 06:31:50   中国青年网

日本为应对人口老龄化,建立并不断完善养老、医疗、介护等社会保障制度,出台了关于老年人就业、育儿、老年住宅、养老事业等一系列政策,已经形成了较为完整的政策体系。未来30年,我国人口老龄化率与日本当前人口老龄化率相当,且我国人口老龄化呈加速发展、规模更大等特征,应借鉴日本的成功经验和做法,提前谋划、积极应对。

借鉴:构建全方位政策体系

为应对人口老龄化带来的不利影响,日本已经建立起较为完整的政策体系,并在实践中卓有成效。

一是规划战略和法律先行。为应对人口老龄化,日本制定了有针对性的规划战略,主要包括:1986年颁布的《长寿社会对策大纲》、1989年制定的黄金计划(老年人保健福祉推进十年战略)、1994年制定的新黄金计划(新老年人保健福祉推进十年战略)、1995年制定的《高龄社会对策大纲》,等等。不仅日本中央政府对养老事业发展有相关规划,每个地方政府也有相关规划。与此同时,还制定法律保障老年人权益。从20世纪60年代至今,日本已出台十余部关于养老护理服务的法律。

二是建立社会保障体系。日本建立了包括养老保险、劳动保险、医疗保险、介护保险在内的社会保险,形成了较为完善的社会保障体系。比如,为满足老年人的护理需求,日本从2000年起实施介护保险制度,强制规定国民从40岁开始缴纳介护保险;为解决老年人医疗问题,1973年开始实施老年人免费医疗制度,同时实施积极的医疗保障制度,注重老年疾病的预防;为降低财政支出压力,2008年出台高龄老年人医疗制度,规定如果75岁以上的老年人的年收入超过370万日元(当前约为22万元人民币),需要个人承担30%的医疗费;为缓解日本医院床位紧张的压力,积极推动医疗体制向“偶尔住院、基本在家接受医疗服务”的方向转型。

三是出台鼓励老年人就业政策。为减轻因人口老龄化带来的社会负担,日本出台鼓励老年人就业的政策。1971年颁布了《高年龄者雇佣安定法》,强制性为企业提供“导入继续雇佣制度”“提高退休年龄”“废除退休限定”三选一的措施。为确保60岁至70岁愿意就业的老年人能够再就业,2013年制定了《继续雇佣制度》,规定企业有义务保证老年人就业、废除对招聘年龄的限制。

四是出台育儿相关支持政策。日本为鼓励生育,出台育儿的财政支持政策,对怀孕、产前检查、分娩、托儿、养育、小孩求学等都实施财政补助,减轻家庭的经济负担。此外,日本还实施育儿休假政策,提供更多保障。

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