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血糖控制目标因人而异(健康之道·漫话老年糖尿病①)

2017-08-04 04:31:46   中国青年网

●在制定个性化糖化血红蛋白控制目标时,需要对患者的预期寿命、降糖药治疗风险、治疗获益程度、患者承受治疗能力等进行综合评估

高血糖严重威胁人类健康,体内糖代谢紊乱可导致糖尿病的发生,进而引起脂肪、蛋白质、水和电解质等代谢紊乱,甚至带来眼、肾、心血管、神经系统的损害及其功能障碍等一系列并发症。

空腹血糖和餐后血糖反映某一具体时间的血糖水平,容易受到进食和糖代谢等相关因素影响,有时不能准确反映一段时间内的血糖控制水平。因而,评估血糖是否达标,主要运用糖化血红蛋白。糖化血红蛋白是红细胞中血红蛋白与葡萄糖缓慢、持续且不可逆地进行反应的产物,红细胞的寿命一般为120天,糖化血红蛋白可反映最近3个月的平均血糖水平。因此,医生一般通过糖化血红蛋白值来判断血糖控制是否达标。

老年人的血糖控制目标应该是多少?每位老年糖尿病患者目标是否一样?一位刚退休的60岁患者和一位肿瘤晚期90岁的卧床患者,血糖控制目标有区别吗?

1.糖化血红蛋白小于7.5%:适用于预期生存期大于10年、较轻并发症及伴发疾病、有一定低血糖风险、应用胰岛素促泌剂类降糖药物(磺脲类)或以胰岛素治疗为主的2型和1型糖尿病患者。

2.糖化血红蛋白小于8%:适用于预期生存期大于5年、中等程度并发症及伴发疾病、有低血糖风险、应用胰岛素促泌剂类降糖药或以多次胰岛素注射治疗为主的老年糖尿病患者。

3.糖化血红蛋白小于8.5%:预期寿命小于5年、完全丧失自我管理能力等情况,糖化血红蛋白的控制标准可以放宽至小于8.5%。同时需避免严重高血糖引发的糖尿病急性并发症和难治性感染等情况发生。

为什么生存期是一个重要的参考指标呢?因为慢性高血糖引起的损害有一定的时间效应。美国糖尿病学会推荐,在制定个性化糖化血红蛋白控制目标时,需要对患者的预期寿命、降糖药治疗风险(β细胞功能、低血糖发生、体重增加)、治疗获益程度(已有合并症、脏器功能异常程度)、患者承受治疗能力(自我管理水平、医疗条件)等进行综合评估。

根据现有研究结果,权衡利弊,对于预期寿命长于10年、低血糖风险小、预计治疗获益大、有较好医疗支持的老年糖尿病患者,糖化血红蛋白控制标准以小于7%为佳。相应空腹血糖小于7毫摩尔每升和餐后2小时血糖小于10毫摩尔每升,且需减少血糖波动,并长期保持上述血糖水平。对新诊断、相对年轻、预期生存期大于10年、无并发症及伴发疾病、降糖治疗无低血糖风险、不需要降糖药物或仅用单种非胰岛素促泌剂降糖药、治疗依从性好的患者,可以考虑控制到接近正常水平。

什么情况被判定为有低血糖风险呢?有低血糖风险的因素包括老龄、糖尿病周围神经病变、肾功能受损、体重低、糖尿病病程较长和此前有严重低血糖发作等。有心血管风险因素的患者,低血糖可使心率加快或者出现心率和节律波动,收缩压升高,心肌收缩力增强从而增加心血管疾病风险。这种心脏应激增加在2型糖尿病合并冠心病的老年患者中,可使已有的动脉粥样硬化斑块不稳定。

总之,血糖控制目标绝不是一刀切,而是因人而异,老年糖尿病患者应在医生指导下进行血糖调控,实现个体化治疗。

(作者为北京大学人民医院老年科主任医师)

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